Whores and highwaymen : crime and justice in the eighteenth-century Metropolis / / Gregory J Durston

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910825784203321
• Autore: Durston Gregory
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Hook, Hampshire, : Waterside Press, 2012
• ISBN: 1-908162-18-X; 1-908162-19-8
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 668 p. : ill. (some col.)
• Soggetti: Crime - England - History - 18th century; Criminal justice, Administration of - Great Britain - History
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references (p. 601-636) and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Contents -- Copyright -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- About the Author -- Dedication -- PICTURE SECTION -- Part One: Crime and the Metropolis -- INTRODUCTION -- Terms of Reference -- Sources of Information -- Printed primary sources -- Old Bailey Sessions Papers -- Treatises and biographies -- Historiography -- THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY METROPOLIS -- Introduction -- Metropolitan Government -- The City -- Southwark -- Westminster and urban Middlesex -- Expansion of the Conurbation -- Population Growth -- Mortality -- Inward Migration -- Responses to the Indigent -- Rise of the Middle Class -- Social Segregation -- Decline in Communitarianism -- Power -- The Urban Day -- Urban street lighting -- Alcohol Consumption -- METROPOLITAN CRIME -- Definitions of Crime -- Legal Classification of Crimes -- Treason -- Felony -- Benefit of clergy -- Unclergyable forms of theft -- Rationale for clergy -- Petty theft -- Misdemeanours -- Crime Rates and Patterns -- Lethal Violence -- Non-Lethal Violence -- Assault and the Law -- The Incidence of Property Crime -- Female participation in crime -- Juvenile participation in crime -- Juveniles and the law -- The Metropolis and its Environs -- Professional Crime -- White Collar Crime -- ATTITUDES TOWARDS CRIME AND POLICING -- Concern about Metropolitan Crime -- Legitimacy and the Criminal Law -- Reform Movements -- Reformation societies -- EXPLANATIONS FOR METROPOLITAN CRIME -- ; Introduction -- Immorality -- Structural Determinants -- Need and Greed -- Opportunity to Offend -- The Effects of War on Crime -- Receivers -- Pawnbrokers -- CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE -- Introduction -- Lack of Informal Controls -- Ease of Access to the Law -- Criminal Procedure -- Attrition -- The Growth of Legalism -- Metropolitan Lawyers -- Popular Legal Knowledge -- The Impact of Legalism -- The Role of Discretion.; Sodomy and discretion -- Limits to discretion -- Reluctance to Reform -- Part Two: Policing -- POLICING THE METROPOLIS -- Introduction -- Reformers -- The Concept of a "Police" -- Other Parts of the British Isles -- The Medieval Policing Legacy -- Problems with Policing -- Validity of Criticism -- Paris and Continental Cities -- The "Professional" Police of the 1700s -- Police and the Political Nation -- Anonymity of Parish Officers -- Fragmentation of Policing -- Exceptions -- Amelioration -- Proposals for Reform -- CONSTABLES -- Introduction -- Appointment of Constables in Middlesex and Westminster -- Appointment of Constables in the City -- Qualifications and Qualities -- Unpopularity of the Office -- Substitutes -- Quality of substitutes -- Conflicting Pressures on Constables -- Operation -- Constable of the Night -- Control of Constables -- Constables and Corruption -- Reforming Constables -- Powers of Arrest -- Professional Knowledge -- Fear of Litigation -- Fear of Physical Attack -- Auxiliaries -- High Constables -- Overnight Detention -- THE WATCH -- Introduction -- Funding of the Watch -- Supernumerary Watchmen -- Legal Powers -- Supervision -- Watch-houses -- Organization of the Watch -- The City -- Westminster and Middlesex -- The Poorer Parishes -- Remuneration -- Operation of the Watch -- Going On Duty -- Stop and Search -- Summoning Assistance from the Watch -- Proactive Watchmen -- Inter-Watch Communication -- Weapons and the Watch -- Effectiveness -- Low Personal Quality of Watchmen -- Corruption Amongst the Watch -- Pusillanimous -- Discipline Amongst the Watch -- Deterrent Value of Watchmen -- The Patroles -- BEADLES, CITY MARSHALS AND THE MILITARY -- Beadles -- City Marshals and Marshalmen -- The Military -- POST-CRIME DETECTION -- Introduction -- Personal Detection -- Justices and Detection -- Rewards and Thief-Takers -- Scandals.; Concern about Rewards -- Lawyers and Rewards -- Accomplice Evidence -- Concern about the accomplice system -- The Coroner's Investigation -- Effectiveness -- Reporting Suspicious Deaths -- The Coroner's Jury -- The Inquest -- Operation -- Mr Fielding's Men -- Conclusion -- THE METROPOLITAN MAGISTRACY -- Introduction -- Selection and Service -- The Amateur Tradition -- Justices' Clerks -- The Magistrates' Work -- Ubiquity of JPs -- The Men Appointed as Justices -- Clerical Magistrates -- The City of London -- Middlesex and Westminster -- Trading Justices -- Control of Justices -- PICTURE SECTION -- Non-Trading Justices -- Continuing Problems -- The Court Justice -- The Middlesex Justices Act of 1792 -- From Houses to Courts -- Part Three: Justice -- THE MAGISTRATES' WORK -- Interlocutory Proceedings -- Arrest Warrants -- Search Warrants -- Legal Advice -- The Examination -- Confessions -- Depositions -- Recognisances to Prosecute -- Committal -- Re-examinations -- Bail -- Conditions on Remand -- OPTIONS FOR PROSECUTION -- Introduction -- Misdemeanour Indictments -- Prosecution by Recognisance -- Summary Conviction -- Evidential requirements -- Fairness -- The "Bloodless Code" -- Appeals from Summary Convictions -- Petty Sessions -- Committal to a Bridewell/House of Correction -- Use against felons -- Restraint in its use -- Legal concerns -- Mediation and Arbitration -- A PRIVATE SYSTEM OF ; PROSECUTION? -- Introduction -- The Appeal of Murder -- Prosecution on Indictment -- Reluctance to Prosecute -- Public Prosecution -- Exceptions to the Private Prosecution Model -- Private Arrangements between Felon and Victim -- Compounding -- Revenge, Blackmail and Extortion -- Rewards and Accomplice Evidence -- Rewards -- Influence of rewards -- Criticism of rewards -- TRIAL ON INDICTMENT -- Introduction -- Fairness -- The Standard of Proof -- Conviction Rates.; Directed Acquittals -- Jury Acquittals -- Insanity -- Popular Notions of Responsibility -- Dislike of Circumstantial Evidence -- Jury Deliberations -- Jury Independence -- Evidential Rules -- Hearsay -- Bad character evidence -- Expert opinion evidence -- Forensic Atmosphere -- Courts and Procedure -- Quarter Sessions -- The Court of King's Bench -- Drawing Up Indictments -- The Grand Jury -- Production from Prison -- The Old Bailey Sessions -- Trial Listing -- Arraignment and Plea -- The Peine Forte et Dure -- Rarity of Guilty Pleas -- Witnesses -- Brevity of Trials -- Orality -- Credibility -- The Oath -- Character Witnesses -- Returning Verdicts -- Special verdicts -- Sentencing -- Pleading the Belly -- Benefit of Clergy -- Appeals Against Conviction -- Change during the Course of the Century -- Juries -- The Presence of Lawyers -- Pious Perjury -- THE METROPOLITAN PENAL REGIME -- Introduction -- Rationale for Punishment -- Decline in Draconian Example -- Capital Punishment -- Proto-abolitionism -- The mechanics of execution -- At the scaffold -- Reprieves -- Petitions for reprieve -- Conditional reprieves -- Incidence of reprieves -- Transportation -- Origins of penal transportation -- The Transportation Act 1718 -- Australia -- Corporal and Shaming Punishments -- The pillory and stocks -- Flogging -- Fiscal Penalties -- Imprisonment -- Bridewells and houses of correction -- Prison conditions -- Dangers of prison life -- Lack of segregation -- Rich inmates -- Poor inmates -- Structural determinants -- CONCLUSION -- Crime -- The Criminal Justice System -- Change -- Last Words -- Bibliography -- Index -- The Curious Mr Howard -- Nipping Crime in the Bud -- Garrow's Law -- Back cover.
• Sommario/riassunto: A comprehensive work on the development of summary jurisdiction, early policing and London's embryonic modern criminal justice system which looks at every aspect of these topics from numerous perspectives and across the eighteenth century.