Lignin and lignans as renewable raw materials : chemistry, technology and applications / / Francisco G. Calvo-Flores, José A. Dobado, Joaquín I. Garcia and Francisco J. Martín-Martínez

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910820509303321
• Autore: Calvo-Flores Francisco G.
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Chichester, West Sussex : , : John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated, , 2015
• ISBN: 1-118-68351-X; 1-118-68295-5
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (521 p.)
• Collana: Wiley series in renewable resources
• Disciplina: 572/.56682
• Soggetti: Lignin; Lignans; Botanical chemistry; Plant polymers
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Cover; Title Page; Copyright; Dedication; Contents; Series Preface; Preface; List of Acronyms; List of Symbols; Part I Introduction; Chapter 1 Background and Overview; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Lignin: Economical Aspects and Sustainability; 1.3 Structure of the Book; References; Part II What is Lignin?; Chapter 2 Structure and Physicochemical Properties; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Monolignols, The Basis of a Complex Architecture; 2.3 Chemical Classification of Lignins; 2.4 Lignin Linkages; 2.5 Structural Models of Native Lignin; 2.5.1 Softwood Models; 2.5.2 Hardwood Models; 2.5.3 Herbaceous Plant Models 2.6 Lignin-Carbohydrate Complex; 2.7 Physical and Chemical Properties of Lignins; 2.7.1 Molecular Weight; 2.7.2 Dispersity Index (Đ); 2.7.3 Thermal Properties; 2.7.4 Solubility Properties; References; Chapter 3 Detection and Determination; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 The Detection of Lignin (Color-Forming Reactions); 3.2.1 Reagents for Detecting Lignins; 3.3 Determination of Lignin; 3.4 Direct Methods for the Determination of Lignin; 3.4.1 Methods for Lignin as a Residue; 3.4.2 Lignin in Solution Methods; 3.5 Indirect Methods for the Determination of Lignin; 3.5.1 Chemical Methods 3.5.2 Spectrophotometric Methods; 3.5.3 Methods Based on Oxidant Consumption; 3.6 Comparison of the Different Determination Methods; References; Chapter 4 Biosynthesis of Lignin; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 The Biological Function of Lignins; 4.3 The Shikimic Acid Pathway; 4.4 The Common Phenylpropanoid Pathway; 4.5 The Biosynthesis of Lignin Precursors (the Monolignol-Specific Pathway); 4.5.1 The Biosynthesis of Other Monolignols; 4.5.2 The Transport of Monolignols; 4.6 The Dehydrogenation of the Precursors; 4.7 Peroxidases and Laccases; 4.8 The Radical Polymerization; 4.8.1 Dimerization 4.8.2 Quinone Methides; 4.8.3 Lignification; 4.8.4 Interunit Linkage Types; 4.8.5 Dehydrogenation Polymer (DHP); 4.9 The Lignin-Carbohydrate Connectivity; 4.10 Location of Lignins (Cell Wall Lignification); 4.11 Differences Between Angiosperm and Gymnosperm Lignins; References; Part III Sources and Characterization of Lignin; Chapter 5 Isolation of Lignins; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Methods for Lignin Isolation from Wood and Grass for Laboratory Purposes; 5.2.1 Lignin as Residue; 5.2.2 Lignin by Dissolution; 5.3 Commercial Lignins; 5.3.1 Kraft Lignin; 5.3.2 Sulfite Lignin (Lignosulfonate Process)5.3.3 Soda Lignin (Alkali Lignin); 5.3.4 Organosolv Pulping; 5.3.5 Other Methods of Separation of Lignin from Biomass; References; Chapter 6 Functional and Spectroscopic Characterization of Lignins; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Elemental Analysis and Empirical Formula; 6.3 Determination of Molecular Weight; 6.3.1 Gel-Permeation Chromatography (GPC); 6.3.2 Light Scattering; 6.3.3 Vapor-Pressure Osmometry (VPO); 6.3.4 Ultrafiltration (UF); 6.4 Functional Group Analyses; 6.4.1 Methoxyl Group (MeO); 6.4.2 Phenolic Hydroxyl Group (OH ph); 6.4.3 Total and Aliphatic Hydroxyl Groups (R-OH)
• Sommario/riassunto: As naturally occurring and abundant sources of non-fossil carbon, lignin and lignans offer exciting possibilities as a source of commercially valuable products, moving away from petrochemical-based feedstocks in favour of renewable raw materials. Lignin can be used directly in fields such as agriculture, livestock, soil rehabilitation, bioremediation and the polymer industry, or it can be chemically modified for the fabrication of specialty and high-value chemicals such as resins, adhesives, fuels and greases. Lignin and Lignans as Renewable Raw Materials presents a multidisciplinary overvi

Il Danubio : fiume internazionale / Carlo Rossetti

• Record Nr.: UNISOBSOB005675
• Autore: Rossetti, Carlo
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Milano, : Istituto per gli studi di politica internazionale, 1937
• Descrizione fisica: 342 p. ; 17 cm
• Collana: Manuali di politica internazionale ; 5
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Italiano
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia

Methods in physical chemistry / / edited by Rolf Schäfer and Peter C. Schmidt

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910824680803321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Weinheim, Germany, : Wiley-VCH, 2012
• ISBN: 9786613693129; 9783527636846; 3527636846; 9781280782732; 1280782730; 9783527636853; 3527636854; 9783527636839; 3527636838
• Edizione: [2nd ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (874 p.)
• Altri autori (Persone): SchäferRolf (Physical chemist); SchmidtPeter C
• Disciplina: 541
• Soggetti: Chemistry, Physical and theoretical - Methodology
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: pt. 1. Gas phase -- pt. 2. Condensed-phase -- pt. 3. Interfaces -- pt. 4. Biomolecules and materials.
• Sommario/riassunto: Meeting the needs of the scientific community, these two must-have volumes are the only work to provide a thorough overview of all the important methods currently used in physical chemistry. The work bridges the gap between standard textbooks and review articles, covering a large number of methods, as well as the motivation behind their use.The first volume deals with the gas and condensed phase, while volume two looks at interfaces and biomolecules and materials. A uniform approach is adopted throughout, while the critical comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of each method make