Large-scale inhomogeneous thermodynamics [[electronic resource] ] : and application for atmospheric energetics / / Yong Zhu

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910824226703321
• Autore: Zhu Yong, Ph. D.
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Cambridge, : Cambridge International Science Pub., 2004
• ISBN: 1-904602-83-5; 1-4237-2308-2
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (647 p.)
• Disciplina: 551.522
• Soggetti: Atmospheric thermodynamics; Atmospheric physics
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references (p. 597-613) and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- Two classical physical systems -- Introduction -- The Newtonian systems -- Principle of friction -- Dynamic entropy -- Simple thermodynamic systems -- Mole-number and molecular mass -- Thermodynamic variables -- Pressure of monatomic gas -- The first law of thermodynamics -- State equation of gases -- State equation of ideal gases -- Ideal-gas equation -- More features of ideal gases -- Kelvin temperature -- Mixing ratio of water vapor -- Thermodynamic energy law of ideal gases -- Internal energy and heat exchange -- Polytropic process -- Molecular transport processes -- Introduction -- Diffusion velocity and partial velocities -- Diffusion element and diffusion velocity -- Partial velocities -- Diffusion velocity in non-uniform ideal gases -- Self-diffusion of ideal gases -- Diffusive mass flux -- Coefficient of self-diffusion -- Viscosity of ideal gases -- Diffusive momentum flux -- Momentum conduction -- Coefficient of viscosity -- Relation to self-diffusion -- Heat conduction of ideal gases -- Conductive heat flux -- Heat conductivity -- Modified Eucken formula -- Collisional heat capacity -- Comparison with experiments -- Predictability and thermodynamic entropy -- Introduction -- Change rate in diffusion processes -- Mass conservation law -- Mass diffusion equation -- Mass conservation -- Diffusive transport equation -- Unpredictability in classical thermodynamics -- Thermodynamic entropy law for uniform states -- ; Thermodynamic entropy change of non-uniform state -- Inadditive and scale-dependent features -- Thermodynamic entropy balance equation -- Relation to dynamic entropy -- Calculations for ideal gases -- Newtonian-thermodynamic system -- Introduction -- Field variables -- Parcel and parcel velocity -- Mass and heat transport equations -- Continuity equations -- Integrated variations in a system.; General continuity equation -- Heat flux equation -- Heat conduction equation -- Inhomogeneous thermodynamic system -- Adiabatic and transport processes -- Inhomogeneous thermodynamics -- Momentum equation of atmosphere -- Pressure gradient force -- Navier-Stokes equation -- Momentum equation of atmosphere -- Shallow water dynamics -- Newtonian-thermodynamic system -- Turbulent entropy and universal principle -- Introduction -- Thermodynamic entropy of turbulent system -- Simple turbulent process -- Thermodynamic entropy changes -- Grid thermometers -- Turbulent thermodynamic entropy -- Turbulent entropy law -- Difference from classical thermodynamic entropy -- General discussion -- Example -- Turbulent entropy and disorderliness -- Universal principle -- The principle -- Applications -- Partition functions -- Heat capacity and van der Waals equation -- Einstein function -- van der Waals equation -- Basic conservation laws -- Introduction -- Parcel and local energy equations -- Mechanic energy equation -- Bernoulli's equation -- Principle of kinetic energy degradation -- Local energy equation -- System energy equation -- From kinetic theory of gases -- For the whole atmosphere -- For a part of atmosphere -- Energy conversions -- Conversion functions -- Total potential energy and enthalpy -- Potential enthalpy conservation -- Thermodynamic and geopotential entropies -- Introduction -- Thermodynamic entropy variations -- General expression -- Variation tendencies -- Baroclinic entropy -- Barotropic entropy -- Thermodynamic entropy level -- Static entropy -- Pseudo- reversible process -- The reference state -- Thermo-static entropy level -- Geopotential entropy -- For dry air parcels -- For the dry atmosphere -- Available enthalpy -- Introduction -- Available enthalpy -- Constraint relationships -- Variational approach -- The lowest state.; Maximum available enthalpy -- Approximate approach -- The lowest state -- Maximum available enthalpy -- Thermodynamic entropy variation -- Geopotential entropy variations -- Discontinuous examples -- Baroclinic example -- Barotropic example -- Thermodynamic and geopotential entropy variations -- Continuous solutions -- Dry processes of energy conversion -- Introduction -- Dependence on process -- Sudden warming and cooling -- Temperature variation -- Kinetic energy production -- Change of surface pressure -- Surface pressure and static stability -- Surface pressure change -- Change of the thickness -- Change of static stability -- Partition of available enthalpy -- Final mean static stability -- Thermo-static entropy level -- Change of barotropic entropy -- Change of thermo-static entropy -- Available moist enthalpy -- Introduction -- Available moist enthalpy -- Moist potential enthalpy -- Thermodynamic entropy production -- Dry reference state -- Moist reference state -- The isoperimetric problem -- Approximate approach -- Examples of lowest state -- Available moist enthalpy -- General and approximate relationships -- Examples of available moist enthalpy -- Moist processes of energy conversion -- Introduction -- Saturated reference state -- Saturated humidity profile -- Minimum precipitation -- Temperature profile -- Effect of baroclinity -- Effect of horizontal humidity gradient -- Surface pressure change -- Available enthalpy of reference state -- Threshold static instability -- Equivalent baroclinic and barotropic entropies -- Equivalent thermo-static entropy level -- Available enthalpy in the ; atmosphere -- Introduction -- In the Northern Hemisphere -- Distributions in winter and summer -- Relation to extratropical cyclones -- Relation to blocking systems -- In the Southern Hemisphere -- Development of low system -- Baroclinic entropy.; Zonal mean distributions -- Least thermodynamic entropy production -- The highest static stabilities -- Available moist enthalpy in the atmosphere -- Introduction -- Distribution of moist energy sources -- Relation to storm tracks -- Tropical and extratropical tropospheres -- Relation to thunderstorms -- Relation to precipitation -- Relation to tropical cyclones -- A case of typhoon recurvature -- Introduction -- Typhoon Orchid recurvature -- Subtropical cyclones -- Threshold surface temperature -- Energy budget -- Self-feeding mechanism -- A case of explosive cyclone -- Introduction -- Energy steering mechanism -- Baroclinic entropy distribution -- Low-level moist jet -- Self-feeding mechanism -- States of maximum thermodynamic entropy -- Introduction -- Heat-death ideal gas -- Heat-death geophysical air mass -- Heat-death atmosphere -- Kinetic-death atmosphere -- Isentropic atmosphere -- Example -- Comparison with heat-death atmosphere -- Energy conservation constraint -- Kinetic equilibrium state -- General expressions -- In statically stable atmosphere -- In statically unstable atmosphere -- Principle of extremal entropy productions -- Energetics of linear disturbance development -- Introduction -- Conversion of available enthalpy -- Method A -- Method B -- Growth of linear disturbances -- Energy constraint equation -- Time-dependent expression -- Alternative expression -- Numerical procedures -- Eady wave development -- Evaluation equations -- Examples -- Synoptic geostrophic wave development -- Development of blocking waves -- Wave development in stratosphere -- Energetics of moving parcels -- Introduction -- Linear atmosphere -- The thermal structure -- Slope of isentropic surface -- Slope of isobaric surface -- External forces on a parcel -- Adiabatic buoyancy oscillations -- Horizontal processes -- Slantwise static instability.; Slantwise lapse rate -- Slantwise adiabatic lapse rate -- Slantwise circulation instability -- Height of slantwise convection -- Slantwise buoyancy oscillations -- Primary air engine -- Introduction -- Primary air engine -- Assumed cycle -- General parcel energy equation -- Relation to external work -- Adiabatic primary air engine -- Bernoulli's equation -- Extended parcel theory -- Kinetic energy created on open paths -- On vertical paths -- On isentropic surfaces -- On upward sloping paths -- On downward sloping paths -- Dry air engines -- Introduction -- Joule air engine -- Joule cycle -- Condition of doing positive work -- Examples of kinetic energy generation -- Entropy productions -- Efficiency of Joule engine -- Energetics of baroclinic waves -- The baroclinic waves -- Kinetic energy generation -- Kinetic energy generation in a system -- Carnot air engine -- Kinetic energy generation -- Efficiency of Carnot engine -- Dependence on working substance -- Equilibrium air engine -- Equilibrium cycle -- Examples -- Entropy productions and efficiency -- Wet air engines -- Introduction -- Primary wet engine -- Kinetic energy generation -- Examples -- Semi- wet Joule engine -- Kinetic energy generation -- Condition of producing kinetic energy -- Efficiency -- Thermodynamic entropy production -- Perfect storm and negative storm -- Perfect storms -- Negative storms -- Development of negative storm -- Coupling mechanism -- Cross sections of a tropospheric river -- Height of tropical tropopause -- Low- and high-level convection -- Low-level convection -- High-level convection -- Multiple semi-wet Joule engine -- Wet Joule engine -- Kinetic energy generation -- Efficiency -- Thermodynamic entropy production -- Polytropic mixing ; processes -- Introduction -- Lateral entrainment rate -- Heat capacity of mixing -- Polytropic potential temperature.; Effect of entrainment on dry engines.