Dermal absorption / / first draft prepared by Janet Kielhorn, Stephanie Melching-Kollmuss, and Inge Mangelsdorf

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910824056703321
• Autore: Kielhorn J
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Geneva, : World Health Organization, 2006
• ISBN: 1-281-30752-1; 9786611307523; 92-4-068230-9
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: xix, 197 p. : ill
• Collana: Environmental health criteria, , 0250-863X ; ; 235
• Altri autori (Persone): Melching-KollmussStephanie; MangelsdorfI
• Disciplina: 612/.79
• Soggetti: Skin absorption; Hazardous substances - Risk assessment
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: "Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization and the World Health Organization, and produced within the framework of the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals."
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- CONTENTS -- ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR DERMAL ABSORPTION -- PREAMBLE -- ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- 1. SUMMARY -- 2. INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS -- 2.1 Scope of the document -- 2.2 Definition of dermal absorption -- 2.3 Factors influencing dermal absorption -- 3. SKIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION -- 3.1 Functions of the skin -- 3.2 Skin structure -- 3.3 The transport of chemicals through the skin -- 3.4 Variability in skin permeability -- 3.5 Reservoir effects -- 4. SKIN TRANSPORT MECHANISMS AND THEORETICAL CONCEPTS -- 4.1 Transport through the skin -- 4.2 Theoretical aspects of diffusion -- 4.3 Physicochemical factors affecting skin permeation -- 4.4 Concepts of finite and infinite dose -- 5. METABOLISM IN THE SKIN -- 5.1 The drug-metabolizing systems of the skin -- 5.2 Methodology for evaluating skin metabolism in in vitro systems -- 5.3 Effects of skin metabolism -- 5.4 Importance of metabolism for percutaneous absorption -- 6. IN VITRO TESTS FOR DERMAL ABSORPTION -- 6.1 Test ; guidelines -- 6.2 Principles of the standard in vitro tests using skin samples -- 6.3 Other in vitro methods -- 6.4 Examination of skin reservoir characteristics -- 6.5 Experimental factors affecting dermal absorption in vitro -- 7. IN VIVO TESTS FOR DERMAL ABSORPTION -- 7.1 Laboratory animal studies -- 7.2 Studies with human volunteers -- 7.3 Other methods -- 7.4 Factors affecting dermal absorption in vivo -- 8. COMPARATIVE STUDIES -- 8.1 Comparison between in vitro and in vivo skin absorption results -- 8.2 Inter-and intralaboratory variation in in vitro percutaneous absorption methodology -- 9. DATA COLLECTIONS -- 9.1 Data sets from homologous or closely related molecules -- 9.2 Flynn data set -- 9.3 Expanded permeability coefficient data sets -- 9.4 EDETOX database -- 9.5 Maximum flux databases -- 10. ESTIMATION/PREDICTION OF DERMAL PENETRATION.; 10.1 QSAR analysis -- 10.2 Mathematicak modelling -- 10.3 Mathematical pharmacokinetic models of percutaneous penetration -- 11. USE OF DERMAL PENETRATION STUDIES IN RISK ASSESSMENT -- 11.1 Decision-making process for setting dermal absorption values -- 11.2 Use of relative absorption values versus flux (and their derived permeability coefficients) -- 11.3 Other topics related to risk assessment -- 12. CONTROVERSIAL TOPICS IN THE ASSESSMENT OF DERMAL ABSORPTION -- 12.1 QSARs/QSPeRs -- 12.2 Reduction of intralaboratory/interlaboratory variation -- 12.3 Consequences of reservoir effect for risk assessment -- 12.4 Relevance for percutaneous measurements to data required by risk assessors: finite and infinite exposures -- 12.5 Single-versus multiple-exposure regimes -- 12.6 Barrier integrity test for skin barries function of human skin in skin penetration tests -- 12.7 Dermal absorption in susceptible populations -- 12.8 Skin notation -- 12.9 Dermal absoprtion of nanoparticles -- 13. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX 1: GUIDELINES AND PROTOCOLS -- APPENDIX 2: PAST AND PRESENT INITIATIVES ON EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION AND HARMONIZATION OF METHODOLOGY ON DERMAL ABSORPTION -- RESUME -- RESUMEN.
• Sommario/riassunto: This new volume in the Environmental Health Criteria Series presents an overview of dermal absorption and its consideration in the risk assessment of chemicals. It describes the methods available to assess dermal absorption, the significance of skin as a route of exposure and the interpretation of results of dermal absorption studies for risk assessment. In addition, it presents and discusses current topics of interest in the field of dermal absorption. This book will be useful to biology and toxicology scientists and researchers, as well as to regulatory authorities and the chemical industry.