Care of People with Diabetes : A Manual of Nursing Practice

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910823099403321
• Autore: Dunning Trisha
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Hoboken : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , 2013; ©2014
• ISBN: 9781118699171; 9780470659199
• Edizione: [4th ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (610 pages)
• Disciplina: 616.4/620231
• Soggetti: Diabetes Mellitus - nursing; Electronic books.
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Care of People with Diabetes: A Manual of Nursing Practice -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- List of Abbreviations and Symbols -- 1 Diagnosing and Classifying Diabetes -- Key points -- What is diabetes mellitus? -- Prevalence of diabetes -- Classification of diabetes -- Overview of normal glucose homeostasis -- The metabolic syndrome -- Key features of the metabolic syndrome -- The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents -- Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes -- Type 1 diabetes -- Latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA) -- Type 2 diabetes -- Type 2 diabetes in Indigenous children and adolescents -- Gestational diabetes -- Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) -- Diagnosing diabetes -- Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT -- Rationale for (OGIT) -- Preparing the patient for an (OGTT) -- Test protocol -- Screening for diabetes -- Preventing Type 2 diabetes -- Preventing Type 1 diabetes -- Managing diabetes mellitus -- Key points -- The diabetes team -- Aims of management -- Exercise/activity -- Exercise for the person in hospital -- Diabetes education -- Complications of diabetes -- Acute complications -- Long-term complications -- Aim and objectives of nursing care of people with diabetes -- Factors that complicate diabetes management during illness -- Aims and objectives of nursing care -- Aims -- Rationale -- Objectives -- Technology and ; diabetes management -- A sobering final comment -- References -- Further reading -- 2 Holistic Assessment, Nursing Diagnosis, and Documentation -- Key points -- Rationale -- Holistic nursing -- Care models -- Characteristics of an holistic nursing history -- Nursing history -- Example Health Assessment Chart -- Instruments to measure health status -- Documenting and charting patient care -- Documenting in the health record -- Care plans -- Nursing notes.; Documenting metabolic status (`diabetic charts') -- Nursing responsibilities -- Documentation by people with diabetes -- References -- Further reading -- 3 Monitoring Diabetes Mellitus -- Key points -- Rationale -- Introduction -- Monitoring 1: Blood glucose -- Key points -- The role of blood glucose monitoring in the care of diabetes -- Factors that influence blood glucose levels -- Guidelines for the frequency of blood glucose monitoring -- Blood glucose meters -- Continuous glucose monitoring systems -- Continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) -- Interpreting different results -- Reasons for inaccurate blood glucose results -- Monitoring blood ketones -- Blood glucose testing checklist -- Monitoring 2: Urine glucose -- Key points -- Indications for urine glucose tests -- Monitoring kidney function -- Methods of screening for microalbuminuria -- Several methods are available and include: -- Monitoring 3: Additional assessment -- Nursing responsibilities -- Blood glucose -- Glycosylated or glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) -- Fructosamines -- Serum lipids -- C-peptide -- Islet cell antibodies -- Creatinine clearance and urea -- Self-care -- The annual review -- References -- Further reading -- 4 Nutrition, Obesity and Exercise -- Key points -- Rationale -- The importance of good nutrition -- Obesity -- Overview of the pathogenesis of obesity -- The significance of abdominal obesity -- Nutrition, obesity and stress -- Methods of measuring weight -- Crude weight -- Body mass index -- Waist-hip ratio -- Other ways of measuring body fat include -- Managing obesity and diabetes -- Malnutrition and under-nutrition -- Dietary management: diabetes -- Method of screening for dietary characteristics and problems -- Nutritional status -- Dietary characteristics -- Screening tools -- Principles of dietary management for people with diabetes.; Goals of Dietary Management -- Dietary management: obesity -- Bariatric surgery -- Complementary weight loss programmes -- Factors associated with making dietary changes -- Nursing responsibilities -- 'Sugar-free' foods -- Alternative sweeteners -- Food additives -- Alcohol -- Exercise/activity -- References -- Further reading -- 5 Medicines Management -- Key points -- Introduction -- Quality Use of Medicines (QUM) -- Quality Use of Medicines and Diabetes -- Oral Glucose-Lowering Medicines (GLM) -- Biguanides -- Practice points -- Possible side effects -- Sulphonylureas -- Possible side effects -- Meglitinides -- Thiazolidinediones -- Side effects -- Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors -- The incretin hormones -- Side effects -- New medicines for type 2 diabetes -- Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors -- Medicine interactions -- Combining GLMs and insulin -- When should insulin be initiated in Type 2 diabetes? -- Barriers to insulin therapy -- Some strategies to overcome the barriers -- Insulin therapy -- Overview of insulin action -- Objectives of insulin therapy -- Types of insulin available -- Rapid-acting insulin -- Short-acting insulin -- Intermediate-acting insulin -- Long-acting insulin -- Ultra-long acting insulin -- Biphasic insulins -- Storing insulin -- Injection sites and administration -- How to inject -- Mixing short- and intermediate-acting insulins -- General points -- Commonly used insulin regimens -- Daily injection -- BD regimens -- Basal bolus regimen -- Interpreting morning hyperglycaemia -- Continuous ; subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) -- Continuous blood glucose sensors -- Subcutaneous insulin sliding scales and top-up regimes -- Top-up or stat doses of insulin -- Intravenous insulin infusions -- Preparing the insulin solution to be infused -- Uses of insulin infusions -- General use (during surgical procedures).; Special needs -- Risks associated with insulin infusions -- Mistakes associated with insulin infusions -- Insulin allergy -- Transplants -- Stabilising diabetes -- Rationale -- Stabilising diabetes in hospital -- Nursing responsibilities -- Community and outpatient stabilisation -- Objectives of outpatient stabilisation onto insulin -- Short-term objectives: -- Long-term objectives -- Rationale for choosing community/outpatient stabilisation -- Patient criteria -- The process of stabilisation -- Lipid-lowering agents -- Side effects -- Monitoring lipid medicines -- Antihypertensive agents -- Antiplatelet agents -- Medication safety, adherence and medication self-management -- Enhancing medication self-care -- Strategies that can be used to monitor medicine adherence -- Example protocol for outpatient stabilisation onto insulin -- References -- 6 Hypoglycaemia -- Key points -- Rationale -- Introduction -- The counter-regulatory response -- Definition of hypoglycaemia -- Recognising hypoglycaemia -- Counter-regulatory hormonal response to hypoglycaemia -- Causes of hypoglycaemia -- Preventing and managing hypoglycaemia -- Hypoglycaemic unawareness -- Prevalence of hypoglycaemic unawareness -- Nocturnal hypoglycaemia -- Indicators of nocturnal hypoglycaemia -- Managing nocturnal hypoglycaemia -- Relative hypoglycaemia -- Medicine interactions -- Objectives of care -- Treatment -- Mild hypoglycaemia -- Severe hypoglycaemia with impaired conscious state -- Prolonged hypoglycaemia -- Patients most at risk of hypoglycaemia -- Psychological effects of hypoglycaemia -- Consequences of hypoglycaemia -- Guidelines for administering glucagon -- Indication -- Instructions for use -- Dosage -- Adverse reactions -- References -- 7 Hyperglycaemia, Acute Illness, Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic States (HHS), and Lactic Acidosis -- Key points.; Rationale -- Prevention: proactively managing intercurrent illness -- Self-care during illness -- Hyperglycaemia -- Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) -- Late signs of severe DKA -- Differential diagnosis -- Assessment -- Aims of treatment of DKA -- Objectives of nursing care -- Preparing the unit to receive the patient -- Nursing care/observations -- Initial patient care -- Nursing observations (1-2 hourly) -- Subsequent care -- Brittle diabetes and hyperglycaemia -- Complications that can occur as a result of DKA -- Euglycaemic DKA -- Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic States -- Presenting signs and symptoms -- Lactic acidosis -- Signs and symptoms -- Lactic acidosis associated with Metformin -- Management -- References -- 8 Long-Term Complications of Diabetes -- Key points -- Introduction -- Pathophysiology of diabetes complications -- Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes -- Key points -- Rationale -- Medicines and cardiovascular disease -- Complementary medicines (CAM) -- Other management considerations -- Mental health and cardiovascular disease -- Objectives of care in hospital -- Nursing responsibilities -- Medical tests/procedures (see Chapter 9) -- Rehabilitation -- Modifying risk factors associated with the development of cardiac disease -- Telephone coaching -- Cerebrovascular disease -- Signs and symptoms -- Management -- Diabetes and Eye Disease -- Key points -- Rationale -- Introduction -- Risk factors for retinopathy -- Eye problems associated with diabetes -- Resources for people with visual impairment -- Aids for people with low vision -- Nursing care of ; visually impaired patients -- Aims of care -- People confined to bed -- People who are mobile -- Meal times -- Diabetes and Renal Disease -- Key points -- Introduction -- Stages of chronic kidney disease -- Risk factors for renal disease -- Renal failure -- Renal disease and anaemia.; Diet and renal disease.
• Sommario/riassunto: Care of People with Diabetes is an essential guide to the care and management of people with diabetes mellitus, with particular emphasis on the acute care setting. Written by an experienced clinical nurse specialist with extensive knowledge of evidence-based diabetes care, this fully updated fourth edition serves as an essential companion to clinical practice for nurses and healthcare professionals. People with diabetes experience a high symptom and self-care burden associated with managing their condition, and require appropriate support, advice and regular monitoring. Similarly, health professionals need to maintain and keep up-to-date with an ever-increasing body of knowledge in order to help people with diabetes incorporate new research into their self-care. Care of People with Diabetes provides an extensive overview of the knowledge base all health professionals require to work effectively with people with diabetes. Special features: Comprehensive clinical manual on an ever-more prevalent condition, written to meet the needs of nurses and healthcare professionals Includes new material on evaluating education programmes, cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, diabetes and sleep apnoea, and end-of-life care Provides key evidence for best practice Includes protocols for consistent care and improving patient outcomes.