Aberration-corrected analytical transmission electron microscopy / / edited by Rik Brydson ; published in association with the Royal Microscopical Society ; series editor, Susan Brooks

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910822805803321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Hoboken, N.J., : Wiley, 2011
• ISBN: 1-119-97990-0; 1-283-20457-6; 9786613204578; 1-119-97884-X; 1-119-97885-8
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (306 p.)
• Collana: RMS - Royal Microscopical Society
• Classificazione: SCI053000
• Altri autori (Persone): BrydsonRik; BrooksSusan
• Disciplina: 502.8/25; 502.825
• Soggetti: Transmission electron microscopy; Aberration; Achromatism
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Aberration-Corrected Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy; Contents; List of Contributors; Preface; 1 General Introduction to Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM); 1.1 What TEM Offers; 1.2 Electron Scattering; 1.2.1 Elastic Scattering; 1.2.2 Inelastic Scattering; 1.3 Signals which could be Collected; 1.4 Image Computing; 1.4.1 Image Processing; 1.4.2 Image Simulation; 1.5 Requirements of a Specimen; 1.6 STEM Versus CTEM; 1.7 Two Dimensional and Three Dimensional Information; 2 Introduction to Electron Optics; 2.1 Revision of Microscopy with Visible Light and Electrons; 2.2 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction2.3 Image Resolution; 2.4 Electron Lenses; 2.4.1 Electron Trajectories; 2.4.2 Aberrations; 2.5 Electron Sources; 2.6 Probe Forming Optics and Apertures; 2.7 SEM, TEM and STEM; 3 Development of STEM; 3.1 Introduction: Structural and Analytical Information in Electron Microscopy; 3.2 The Crewe ; Revolution: How STEM Solves the Information Problem; 3.3 Electron Optical Simplicity of STEM; 3.4 The Signal Freedom of STEM; 3.4.1 Bright-Field Detector (Phase Contrast, Diffraction Contrast); 3.4.2 ADF, HAADF; 3.4.3 Nanodiffraction; 3.4.4 EELS; 3.4.5 EDX; 3.4.6 Other Techniques3.5 Beam Damage and Beam Writing; 3.6 Correction of Spherical Aberration; 3.7 What does the Future Hold?; 4 Lens Aberrations: Diagnosis and Correction; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Geometric Lens Aberrations and Their Classification; 4.3 Spherical Aberration-Correctors; 4.3.1 Quadrupole-Octupole Corrector; 4.3.2 Hexapole Corrector; 4.3.3 Parasitic Aberrations; 4.4 Getting Around Chromatic Aberrations; 4.5 Diagnosing Lens Aberrations; 4.5.1 Image-based Methods; 4.5.2 Ronchigram-based Methods; 4.5.3 Precision Needed; 4.6 Fifth Order Aberration-Correction; 4.7 Conclusions; 5 Theory and Simulations of STEM Imaging5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Z-Contrast Imaging of Single Atoms; 5.3 STEM Imaging Of Crystalline Materials; 5.3.1 Bright-field Imaging and Phase Contrast; 5.3.2 Annular Dark-field Imaging; 5.4 Incoherent Imaging with Dynamical Scattering; 5.5 Thermal Diffuse Scattering; 5.5.1 Approximations for Phonon Scattering; 5.6 Methods of Simulation for ADF Imaging; 5.6.1 Absorptive Potentials; 5.6.2 Frozen Phonon Approach; 5.7 Conclusions; 6 Details of STEM; 6.1 Signal to Noise Ratio and Some of its Implications; 6.2 The Relationships Between Probe Size, Probe Current and Probe Angle6.2.1 The Geometric Model Revisited; 6.2.2 The Minimum Probe Size, the Optimum Angle and the Probe Current; 6.2.3 The Probe Current; 6.2.4 A Simple Approximation to Wave Optical Probe Size; 6.2.5 The Effect of Chromatic Aberration; 6.2.6 Choosing aopt in Practice; 6.2.7 The Effect of Making a Small Error in the Choice of aopt; 6.2.8 The Effect of a On the Diffraction Pattern; 6.2.9 Probe Spreading and Depth of Field; 6.3 The Condenser System; 6.4 The Scanning System; 6.4.1 Principles of the Scanning System; 6.4.2 Implementation of the Scanning System
• Sommario/riassunto: "The book is concerned with the theory, background, and practical use of transmission electron microscopes with lens correctors that can correct the effects of spherical aberration. The book also covers a comparison with aberration correction in the TEM and applications of analytical aberration corrected STEM in materials science and biology. This book is essential for microscopists involved in nanoscale and materials microanalysis especially those using scanning transmission electron microscopy, and related analytical techniques such as electron diffraction x-ray spectrometry (EDXS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS)"--; "The book will be concerned with the theory, background and practical use of transmission electron microscopes with lens correctors which can correct for the effects of spherical aberration"--

Trees: Propagation and Conservation [[electronic resource] ] : Biotechnological Approaches for Propagation of a Multipurpose Tree, Balanites aegyptiaca Del. / / by Ankita Varshney, Mohammad Anis

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910298305403321
• Autore: Varshney Ankita
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: New Delhi : , : Springer India : , : Imprint : Springer, , 2014
• ISBN: 81-322-1701-2
• Edizione: [1st ed. 2014.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (126 p.)
• Disciplina: 333.7516
• Soggetti: Botany; Sustainable development; Natural disasters; Industrial engineering; Production engineering; Plant Sciences; Sustainable Development; Science, Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary; Natural Hazards; Industrial and Production Engineering
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters.
• Nota di contenuto: Introduction -- Review of Literature -- Material and Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Summary and Conclusions.
• Sommario/riassunto: Plant tissue culture is an essential component of Biotechnology which has gained unbeatable recognition in plant sciences for successful micropropagation and improvement of plant species, leading to the commercial application. A number of plant species have been investigated around the globe. This book presents current research on the application of in vitro technology in the improvement of Balanites aegyptiaca Del., a medicinal plant of semi-arid tropics. The worldwide importance of forestry, summed to the lengthy generation cycles of tree species, makes unavoidable development of new technologies that complement conventional tree breeding programmes in order to obtain ; improved genotypes. Recently, a new set of tools has become available in the past 20 years that combined with traditional plant breeding will allow scientists to generate products that are genetically improved varieties of the future. These set of tools come under the general title of ‘Biotechnology’. The three specific biotechnological tools have been successfully used in several programmes of plant conservation, namely, tissue culture techniques for in vitro propagation, the use of molecular markers to assess the degree of variability among population and techniques of long-term conservation such as encapsulation and cryopreservation. Plant tissue culture techniques are particularly relevant and become an alternative not only for large scale propagation of individuals that are threatened, reduce production costs and increase gains to the industry, but also to provide ecological advantages as in phytoremediation or in the establishment of artificial plantings in weed infested site. The book gives a complete documentation of the results and demonstration of Balanites aegyptiaca conducted by the authors over the past 5 years. The end-to-end approach developed through plant tissue culture techniques is reflected in the book and there has been a successful transfer of technology from lab to field. The authors hope that this information would provide valuable data and also be a reference material for future research activities in this area.