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1. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910820509303321 |
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Autore |
Calvo-Flores Francisco G. |
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Titolo |
Lignin and lignans as renewable raw materials : chemistry, technology and applications / / Francisco G. Calvo-Flores, José A. Dobado, Joaquín I. Garcia and Francisco J. Martín-Martínez |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Chichester, West Sussex : , : John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated, , 2015 |
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ISBN |
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1-118-68351-X |
1-118-68295-5 |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (521 p.) |
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Collana |
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Wiley series in renewable resources |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Lignin |
Lignans |
Botanical chemistry |
Plant polymers |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Note generali |
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Description based upon print version of record. |
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Nota di bibliografia |
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Includes bibliographical references and index. |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Cover; Title Page; Copyright; Dedication; Contents; Series Preface; Preface; List of Acronyms; List of Symbols; Part I Introduction; Chapter 1 Background and Overview; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Lignin: Economical Aspects and Sustainability; 1.3 Structure of the Book; References; Part II What is Lignin?; Chapter 2 Structure and Physicochemical Properties; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Monolignols, The Basis of a Complex Architecture; 2.3 Chemical Classification of Lignins; 2.4 Lignin Linkages; 2.5 Structural Models of Native Lignin; 2.5.1 Softwood Models; 2.5.2 Hardwood Models |
2.5.3 Herbaceous Plant Models 2.6 Lignin-Carbohydrate Complex; 2.7 Physical and Chemical Properties of Lignins; 2.7.1 Molecular Weight; 2.7.2 Dispersity Index (Đ); 2.7.3 Thermal Properties; 2.7.4 Solubility Properties; References; Chapter 3 Detection and Determination; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 The Detection of Lignin (Color-Forming Reactions); 3.2.1 Reagents for Detecting Lignins; 3.3 Determination of Lignin; 3.4 Direct Methods for the Determination of Lignin; 3.4.1 Methods for Lignin as a Residue; 3.4.2 Lignin in Solution Methods; 3.5 Indirect Methods for the Determination of Lignin |
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3.5.1 Chemical Methods 3.5.2 Spectrophotometric Methods; 3.5.3 Methods Based on Oxidant Consumption; 3.6 Comparison of the Different Determination Methods; References; Chapter 4 Biosynthesis of Lignin; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 The Biological Function of Lignins; 4.3 The Shikimic Acid Pathway; 4.4 The Common Phenylpropanoid Pathway; 4.5 The Biosynthesis of Lignin Precursors (the Monolignol-Specific Pathway); 4.5.1 The Biosynthesis of Other Monolignols; 4.5.2 The Transport of Monolignols; 4.6 The Dehydrogenation of the Precursors; 4.7 Peroxidases and Laccases; 4.8 The Radical Polymerization |
4.8.1 Dimerization 4.8.2 Quinone Methides; 4.8.3 Lignification; 4.8.4 Interunit Linkage Types; 4.8.5 Dehydrogenation Polymer (DHP); 4.9 The Lignin-Carbohydrate Connectivity; 4.10 Location of Lignins (Cell Wall Lignification); 4.11 Differences Between Angiosperm and Gymnosperm Lignins; References; Part III Sources and Characterization of Lignin; Chapter 5 Isolation of Lignins; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Methods for Lignin Isolation from Wood and Grass for Laboratory Purposes; 5.2.1 Lignin as Residue; 5.2.2 Lignin by Dissolution; 5.3 Commercial Lignins; 5.3.1 Kraft Lignin |
5.3.2 Sulfite Lignin (Lignosulfonate Process)5.3.3 Soda Lignin (Alkali Lignin); 5.3.4 Organosolv Pulping; 5.3.5 Other Methods of Separation of Lignin from Biomass; References; Chapter 6 Functional and Spectroscopic Characterization of Lignins; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Elemental Analysis and Empirical Formula; 6.3 Determination of Molecular Weight; 6.3.1 Gel-Permeation Chromatography (GPC); 6.3.2 Light Scattering; 6.3.3 Vapor-Pressure Osmometry (VPO); 6.3.4 Ultrafiltration (UF); 6.4 Functional Group Analyses; 6.4.1 Methoxyl Group (MeO); 6.4.2 Phenolic Hydroxyl Group (OH ph) |
6.4.3 Total and Aliphatic Hydroxyl Groups (R-OH) |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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As naturally occurring and abundant sources of non-fossil carbon, lignin and lignans offer exciting possibilities as a source of commercially valuable products, moving away from petrochemical-based feedstocks in favour of renewable raw materials. Lignin can be used directly in fields such as agriculture, livestock, soil rehabilitation, bioremediation and the polymer industry, or it can be chemically modified for the fabrication of specialty and high-value chemicals such as resins, adhesives, fuels and greases. Lignin and Lignans as Renewable Raw Materials presents a multidisciplinary overvi |
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2. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910337807003321 |
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Autore |
Sethi Suresh P |
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Titolo |
Optimal Control Theory : Applications to Management Science and Economics / / by Suresh P. Sethi |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Cham : , : Springer International Publishing : , : Imprint : Springer, , 2019 |
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ISBN |
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Edizione |
[3rd ed. 2019.] |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (XXVII, 565 p. 84 illus.) |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Operations research |
Decision making |
System theory |
Industrial engineering |
Production engineering |
Operations Research/Decision Theory |
Systems Theory, Control |
Industrial and Production Engineering |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Chapter 1. What is Optimal Control Theory?- Chapter 2. The Maximum Principle: Continuous Time -- Chapter 3. The Maximum Principle: Mixed Inequality Constraints -- Chapter 4. The Maximum Principle: Pure State and Mixed Inequality Constraints -- Chapter 5. Applications to Finance -- Chapter 6. Applications to Production and Inventory -- Chapter 7. Applications to Marketing -- Chapter 8. The Maximum Principle: Discrete Time -- Chapter 9. Maintenance and Replacement -- Chapter 10. Applications to Natural Resources -- Chapter 11. Applications to Economics -- Chapter 12. Stochastic Optimal Control -- Chapter 13. Differential Games. |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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This fully revised 3rd edition offers an introduction to optimal control theory and its diverse applications in management and economics. It brings to students the concept of the maximum principle in continuous and discrete time by using dynamic programming and Kuhn-Tucker theory. While some mathematical background is needed, the emphasis |
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of the book is not on mathematical rigor, but on modeling realistic situations faced in business and management. The book exploits optimal control theory to the functional areas of management science including finance, production and marketing and to economics of growth and of natural resources. In addition, this new edition features materials on stochastic Nash and Stackelberg differential games and an adverse selection model in the principal-agent framework. The book provides exercises for each chapter and answers to selected exercises to help deepen the understanding of the material presented. Also included are appendices comprised of supplementary material on the solution of differential equations, the calculus of variations and its relationships to the maximum principle, and special topics including the Kalman filter, certainty equivalence, singular control, a global saddle point theorem, Sethi-Skiba points, and distributed parameter systems. Optimal control methods are used to determine optimal ways to control a dynamic system. The theoretical work in this field serves as a foundation for the book, which the author has applied to business management problems developed from his research and classroom instruction. The new edition has been completely refined and brought up to date. Ultimately this should continue to be a valuable resource for graduate courses on applied optimal control theory, but also for financial and industrial engineers, economists, and operational researchers concerned with the application of dynamic optimization in their fields. |
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