Metrology and physical constants : proceedings of the International School of Physics "Enrico Fermi", course 185, Varenna on Lake Como, Villa Monastero, 17-27 July 2012 / / Italian Physical Society ; director of the course A. M. Rossi ; edited by E. Bava and M. Kühne = Metrologia e costanti fisiche : Rendiconti Della Scuola Internazionale Di Fisica "Enrico Fermi", CLXXXV Corso, Varenna Sul Lago Di Como, Villa Monastero, 17-27 Luglio 2012 / Società Italiana Di Fisica ; direttori del corso A. M. Rossi ; a cura di E. Bava e M. Kühne

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910819805103321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Amsterdam, Netherlands : , : IOS Press, , 2013; ©2013
• ISBN: 1-61499-326-2
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (567 p.)
• Altri autori (Persone): RossiA. M; Bava E; Kühne M
• Disciplina: 389.1
• Soggetti: Metrology; Physical constants
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di contenuto: Title Page; Contents; Preface; Course group shot; Metrology organization; The Metre Convention, the BIPM and the SI; Introduction; The original units of the metric system; The Metre Convention of 1875 and new metric prototypes; First moves towards natural units; Key advances in physics since 1971; The definition of a unit in terms of a fixed numerical value of a fundamental constant; Draft resolution of the 24th CGPM 2011 for the new SI; The choice of a new definition for the kilogram; Practical realization of the new definitions, primary methods; What of the future?; Mission and role of the BIPM in the 21st century Introduction; Creation of the Metre Convention; The General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM); The International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM); The Consultative Committees of the CIPM; The ; International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM); Committees of the BIPM and other international organizations, created for particular tasks of common interest; International liaison; The BIPM and the World Metrological Organization; Conclusion; The CIPM MRA; Introduction; The CIPM MRA: what, why and how?; The mechanisms of the CIPM MRA and the KCDB International comparisons - Equivalence; Calibration and Measurement Capabilities (CMCs) - Recognition; How does the CIPM MRA help?; Conclusions; Mathematical tools in metrology; Error, uncertainty and probability; Introduction; Reference documents; Properties, quantities and units; Stevens' classification; Quantity values - True value; Measurement, measurand and measurement result; Error and uncertainty; Error; Uncertainty; Error approach vs. uncertainty approach; The GUM approach to uncertainty; Ill-defined measurand and definitional uncertainty; Indirect measurement Error propagation vs. uncertainty propagation; Evaluating (and propagating) uncertainties - change of paradigm; Random and systematic effects; Frequentist and Bayesian (or subjective) approaches; No longer room for errors; Coverage intervals-propagation of PDFs; Bayesian inference; Discrete quantities; Conclusions; Frequency instability: Characterization of quasi-periodic signals; Introduction; The frequency-fluctuation description model; Model for the frequency-domain measurements; Measurement systems in the frequency domain; Use of a fringe-side frequency-discriminator; Use of a Fabry-Perot with the PDH frequency lock Use of the Michelson interferometer; Characterization of an oscillator by means of cross-correlation; Measurement systems in the time domain; Characterization of a single-oscillator stability by means of cross-variances; The dual-mixer time-difference technique; Time-domain statistical characterization; Relationships between sample variances and spectral densities; Other types of variances; The modified Allan variance (MVAR); Conclusions; Frequency instability: Deterministic contributions and slowly varying noise; Introduction; The signal model under analysis
• Sommario/riassunto: The reliability and accuracy of systems of measurement continue to advance. We are about to enter a period of the most stable measurement system we can imagine with the anticipated new definitions of the SI units of measurement; a direct link between fundamental physics and metrology which will eliminate the current definition of the kilogram, until now based upon an artifact.This book presents selected papers from Course 185 of the Enrico Fermi International School of Physics, held in Varenna, Italy, in July 2012 and jointly organized with the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM).