Seismic data interpretation and evaluation for hydrocarbon exploration and production : a practitioner's guide / / Niranjan C. Nanda

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910488724803321
• Autore: Nanda Niranjan C.
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2021]; ©2021
• ISBN: 3-030-75301-8
• Edizione: [Second edition.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (307 pages)
• Collana: Advances in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production
• Disciplina: 551.22
• Soggetti: Seismology - Data processing; Computer science - Mathematics; Mines and mineral resources
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Exploration Seismic -- 1 Seismic Wave and Rock-Fluid Properties -- Abstract -- Seismic Wave and Propagation -- Energy Losses -- Absorption -- Scattering -- Transmission -- Spherical (Geometrical) Divergence -- Geological Significance of Energy Attenuation -- Seismic Properties -- Rock-Fluid Properties -- Seismic Rock Physics and Petrophysics -- Rock Microstructure -- Physical Properties of Rocks -- Elasticity and Elastic Constants -- Bulk Density -- Porosity, Pore Size and Shapes (Pore Geometry) -- Texture -- Fractures and Cracks, Geometry -- Anisotropy -- Fluid Properties of Rocks -- Pore Fluid and Saturation -- Gassmann's Equations -- Permeability -- Viscosity -- Pressure -- Normal Pressures (Hydrostatic Pressure) -- Abnormal Pressures -- Overpressures -- Underpressures or Subnormal Pressures -- Temperature -- Seismic Rock Physics Modelling (RPM) -- Mechanical Properties of Rocks, Geomechanics -- Young's Modulus -- Poisson's Ratio -- In Situ Stress -- Mechanical Earth Modelling (MEM) -- Limitations of Modelling -- References -- 2 Seismic Reflection Principles-Basics -- Abstract -- Signal-to-Noise Ratio (S/N) -- Seismic Resolution -- Vertical Resolution -- Lateral (Spatial) Resolution and Fresnel Zone, Migration -- Migration -- Interference of Closely Spaced Reflections -- Types of Reflectors -- Discrete Reflectors -- Transitional ; Reflectors -- Complex Reflectors -- Innate Attributes of a Reflection Signal -- Amplitude and Strength -- Phase -- Frequency (Bandwidth) -- Polarity -- Polarity Display Conventions, Acquisition Source Wavelet -- Arrival Time (Onset of Reflection) -- Velocity -- Average Velocity -- Stacking Velocity -- RMS Velocity -- Migration Velocity -- Interval Velocity (Vint) -- Instantaneous Velocity (Vinst) -- Seismic Display -- Display Modes.; Plotting Scales (Vertical and Horizontal) -- References -- 3 Seismic Interpretation Methods -- Abstract -- Category I: Structural Interpretation (2D) -- Identification of Horizons and Correlation -- Identification of Horizons -- Correlation of Horizons -- Contouring and Maps -- Time Structure Maps -- Depth Maps or Structure Maps -- Relief Maps -- Isochrones/Isopachs -- Paleo-Structural Analysis -- Category II: Stratigraphic Interpretation (2D) -- Seismic Calibration -- Overlaying Log Curves on Seismic -- Continuous Velocity Logs (CVL) -- Synthetic Seismogram -- Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) -- Depth Conversion -- Velocity Modelling -- Case Example -- Interval Velocity for Evaluation of Rock Properties -- Seismic Structure Maps -- Contouring Example -- Seismogeological Section -- Category III: Seismic Stratigraphy Interpretation -- Category IV: Seismic Sequence Stratigraphy Interpretation -- Low Stand Systems Tract (LST) -- Transgressive Systems Tract (TST) -- High Stand Systems Tract (HST) -- Application of Seismic Sequence Stratigraphy -- Seismic Stratigraphy and Stratigraphic Interpretation -- References -- 4 Tectonics and Seismic Interpretation -- Abstract -- Structures Associated with Extensional Stress Regimes -- Compaction/Drape Folds -- Horsts and Grabens -- Normal Faults, Types and Compaction Faults -- Normal Faults -- Compaction Faults -- Listric and Growth Faults and Roll-Over Structures -- Cylindrical Faults and Associated Toe Thrusts, Imbricates -- Structures Associated with Compressional Stress Regimes -- Folds -- Reverse Faults, Thrusts &amp -- Overthrusts -- Structures Associated with Shear Stress (Wrench) Regimes -- En Echelon Conical Folds -- Half Grabens with High-Angle Faults -- Flower Structures and Inversions -- Strike-Slip Faults -- Salt/Shale Structures -- Salt Diapirs-Types -- References.; 5 Seismic Stratigraphy and Seismo-Tectonics in Petroleum Exploration -- Abstract -- Basin Evaluation -- Source and Generation Potential -- Reservoir Facies -- Migration, Pathways and Timing -- Primary Migration -- Secondary Migration -- Migration Pathways -- Migration Timing -- Entrapment and Preservation -- Entrapment -- Preservation -- Basin and Petroleum System Modelling (BPSM) -- Petroleum System Modelling (PSM) -- Geochemical Evaluation of Source and Generation Potential -- TOC and kerogen -- Thermal Maturity -- Limitations of Petroleum System Modelling -- Fault Attributes Analysis and Fault Seal Integrity -- Faults as Conduits -- Faults as Seals -- Fault Seal Integrity -- Prospect Generation and Evaluation -- Techno- Economic Analysis -- Technical (Geologic) Risk Assessment -- Type of Source -- Migration Timing and Pathways -- Type of Reservoir (Clastic/carbonate) -- Type of Trap -- Estimate of Hydrocarbon In-Place (Volumetric) -- References -- 6 Direct Hydrocarbon Indicators (DHI) -- Abstract -- DHI Amplitude Anomalies -- 'Bright Spot' -- 'Dim Spot' -- 'Flat Spot' -- Supporting Evidence for DHI Anomalies -- Validation of DHI Anomalies -- Angle Stack Amplitudes, Near- and Far- Stacks for Validation -- Delineation and Characterization of Hydrocarbon Sands -- Case Example -- Limitations of DHI -- References -- 7 Borehole Seismic Techniques -- Abstract -- Check-Shot Survey -- Acquisition Layouts and Energy Source -- The T-D Curve (Velocity Function) -- Benefits of Check-Shot Surveys -- Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) -- Zero Offset ; VSP (ZVSP) -- Source Wavelet Recording and Benefits for Seismic Data Processing -- Corridor Stack -- Prediction ahead of Drill Bit -- Offset (Non-zero) VSP -- Walkaway VSP -- Benefits of VSP -- Check-Shot and VSP Survey Comparison -- Well (Seismic) Velocity and Sonic Velocity Dissimilarities -- Sonic Drift Correction.; Limitations of Check-Shot and VSP Surveys -- Cross-Well (Borehole) Survey -- Traveltime Tomography -- Reflection Tomography -- Tomography Applications -- Microseismic Surveys -- Monitoring 'Fracking' -- Limitations -- References -- Reservoir and Production Seismic -- 8 Evaluation of High-Resolution 3D and 4D Seismic Data -- Abstract -- 3D High Resolution Seismic -- Data Acquisition -- Prestack Time and Depth Migration (PSTM/PSDM) -- Prestack Migration (PSTM) -- Prestack Depth Migration (PSDM) -- PSDM Limitations -- Case Example -- 3D Seismic Interpretation and Evaluation Techniques -- Horizontal-View Seismic -- Horizontal-View Amplitude Slices -- Time Slice (Horizontal) -- Horizon Slice -- Stratal Slice -- Window-Based Amplitude -- Horizontal-View Seismic for Sequence Stratigraphy Interpretation (SSSI) -- SSSI Framework: Horizon Cube -- SSSI Framework: Wheeler Domain -- 3D Volume Interpretation and Visualization -- 3D Seismic Applications -- Pore Pressure Prediction -- Offshore Shallow Drilling Hazards Prediction -- Reservoir Delineation and Characterisation -- Reservoir Delineation -- Seismic-Well Tie and Horizon Correlation -- Depth Maps -- Reservoir Characterisation -- Porosity -- Shaliness -- Permeability -- Fluid Saturation -- Reservoir Heterogeneity -- 4D (Production Seismic) -- Seismic Reservoir Monitoring (SRM) -- Dynamic Reservoir Characterisation -- Reservoir Drive Types, Water/gas Coning and Gas Phase Formation-4D Indicators -- Reservoir Drive Types -- 4D Indicators-Drive Mechanisms, Coning and Gas Phase Formation -- Detection of Bypassed Hydrocarbon (Oil) -- Permeability Barriers and High Permeable Paths -- Secondary and Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Monitoring -- Reservoir Geomechanics -- Deformation and Linked Fluid Flow -- Soft Reservoirs -- Hard Reservoirs -- 3D and 4D Seismic Roles in Exploration and Production.; 4D Seismic: Limitations -- References -- 9 Shear Wave Seismic, AVO and Vp/Vs Analysis -- Abstract -- Shear Wave Properties - Basics -- Polarization of Waves -- P-wave Polarization -- Shear Wave Data Acquisition, Processing and Interpretation -- Mode Converted Shear Waves, P-SV, P-SH and P-SV-P Waves -- Multicomponent Surveys (3C and 4C) -- Benefits of Shear Wave Studies -- Imaging Below Offshore Gas Chimneys -- Validating DHI (P-wave Amplitude Anomalies) -- AVO Analysis for Validation of Hydrocarbon Sands -- AVO Amplitude Analysis -- AVO Classification -- Class 1 AVO (High-Impedance Gas Sand) Model -- Class 3 AVO (Low-Impedance Gas Sand) Model -- Class 2 AVO (Near-Zero Impedance Gas Sand) Model -- Class 4 AVO (Low-Impedance Gas Sand with Hard Top Seal) Model -- Gradient and Intercept Analysis -- Cross-Plot of Intercept and Gradient -- Poisson's Ratio, Angular Reflectivity in AVO Analysis -- Case Example -- Anisotropy Effect in AVO Analysis -- AVO Modelling, Elastic and Zoeppritz's Gather -- Limitations of AVO Analysis -- Vp/Vs Analysis, Prediction of Rock-Fluid Properties -- Vp/Vs for Fluid Prediction -- Case Example -- Vp/Vs for Lithology Prediction -- Vp/Vs for Porosity and Clay Content Prediction -- Shear Wave Birefringence, Fracture Prediction -- Limitations of Fracture Prediction -- References -- 10 Analysing Seismic Attributes -- Abstract -- Primary Attributes -- Tuning Thickness: Thin Bed Definition and Amplitude Variation -- Complex Trace Analysis-Amplitude, Frequency, Phase Polarity Sweetness -- Instantaneous Amplitude (Reflection Strength) -- Instantaneous Frequency -- Polarity -- Sweetness -- Instantaneous ; Phase -- Spectral Decomposition (AVF) -- Geometric Attributes -- Dip and Azimuth -- Curvature -- Coherence -- Ant-Tracking -- Limitations of Ant-Tracking -- Multiattributes Analysis and Composite Coloured (Overlay) Displays.; Multiattributes Analysis.

Reflectarray antennas : theory, designs and applications / / Payam Nayeri, Fan Yang, Atef Z. Elsherbeni

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910819408803321
• Autore: Nayeri Payam
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Hoboken, New Jersey : , : Wiley : , : IEEE Press, , 2018; ©2018
• ISBN: 1-118-84674-5; 1-118-84675-3; 1-118-84672-9
• Edizione: [1st edition]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (116 pages) : illustrations (some color), tables
• Disciplina: 621.384135
• Soggetti: Antennas, Reflectarray
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Date of publication from resource description page (Safari, viewed April 10, 2018).
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Introduction to reflectarray antennas -- Analysis and design of reflectarray elements -- System design and aperture efficiency analysis -- Radiation analysis techniques -- Bandwidth of reflectarray antennas -- Reflectarray design examples -- Broadband and multi-band reflectarray antennas -- Terahertz, infrared, and optical reflectarray antennas -- Multi-beam and shaped-beam reflectarray antennas -- Beam-scanning reflectarray antennas -- Reflectarray engineering and emerging applications.
• Sommario/riassunto: This book provides engineers with a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in reflectarray antenna research and development. The authors describe, in detail, design procedures for a wide range of applications, including broadband, multi-band, multi-beam, contour-beam, beam-scanning, and conformal reflectarray antennas. They ; provide sufficient coverage of basic reflectarray theory to fully understand reflectarray antenna design and analysis such that the readers can pursue reflectarray research on their own. Throughout the book numerous illustrative design examples including numerical and experimental results are provided. Featuring in-depth theoretical analysis along with practical design examples, Reflectarray Antennas is an excellent text/reference for engineering graduate students, researchers, and engineers in the field of antennas. It belongs on the bookshelves of university libraries, research institutes, and industrial labs and research facilities.