Methods for developing spacecraft water exposure guidelines / / Subcommittee on Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910817427103321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, c2000
• ISBN: 0-309-17174-1; 1-280-18538-4; 9786610185382; 0-309-56300-3
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (173 p.)
• Collana: Compass series
• Disciplina: 629.47/7
• Soggetti: Space vehicles - Water-supply; Water reuse; Astronauts - Health risk assessment
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: ""Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines""; ""Copyright""; ""OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY""; ""OTHER REPORTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY""; ""Preface""; ""Contents""; ""Abbreviations""; ""Executive Summary""; ""WATER CONTAMINANT SOURCES""; ""RANKING CONTAMINANTS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT""; ""DATA FOR ESTABLISHING SWEGS""; ""RISK ASSESSMENT""; ""SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR NASA""; ""EXPOSURE GUIDELINES SET BY OTHER ORGANIZATIONS""; ""1 Introduction""; ""WATER CONTAMINANTS""; ""APPROACH TO THE STUDY""; ""REFERENCES""; ""2 Sources, Treatment, and Monitoring Of Spacecraft Water Contaminants""""OVERVIEW""; ""DESIGN DRIVERS""; ""ISS WATER-QUALITY STANDARDS""; ""SOURCES OF SPACECRAFT WATER CONTAMINATION""; ""HUMAN URINE""; ""Untreated Urine""; ""Chemical Treatment and Distillation By-Products""; ""HUMIDITY CONDENSATE""; ""Condensate Sample Results""; ""Water Recovery Test""; ""Lunar-Mars ; Life Support Test Project""; ""Space Shuttle""; ""Mir Humidity Condensate""; ""Environmental Contributors to Spacecraft Humidity Condensate""; ""Hardware Off-Gassing""; ""Animal Wastes""; ""Mechanical Leaks""; ""Microbial Metabolites""""Payload Chemicals""; ""Utility Chemicals""; ""WASH WATER AND OTHER WASTE STREAMS""; ""Hygiene Water""; ""Detergents""; ""Chemicals from Personal Hygiene Products""; ""CHeCS Wastes""; ""CHEMICALS FORMED IN THE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM""; ""SYSTEM FAILURES AND INCOMPLETE PROCESSING OF INFLUENT""; ""CHEMICALS ADDED TO RETARD BACTERIAL GROWTH""; ""Iodine""; ""Silver""; ""REGENERATED WATER""; ""Inorganic Contaminants""; ""Shuttle Humidity Condensates""; ""Mir Humidity Condensates and Mir Reclaimed Water""; ""LMLSTP 60-d Product Water""; ""ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS""; ""Humidity Condensate in Mir""""LMLSTP 60-d Product Water""; ""Stage-10 WRT""; ""MONITORING WATER CONTAMINANTS""; ""SOURCE-WATER MONITORING""; ""In-Line Monitoring and Process Control""; ""Off-Line Monitoring""; ""SUMMARY""; ""REFERENCES""; ""3 Sources and Types of Data for Establishing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines ""; ""CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A TOXICANT""; ""HUMAN STUDIES""; ""ANIMAL STUDIES""; ""IN VITRO TOXICITY STUDIES""; ""ADVANCES IN HEALTH EFFECTS ASSESSMENT""; ""NEUROBEHAVIORAL EFFECTS""; ""REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS""; ""MUTAGENESIS""; ""MECHANISTIC STUDIES""; ""SUMMARY""""REFERENCES""; ""4 Risk Assessment Methods for Determining Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines""; ""HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE""; ""Risk Assessment for Noncarcinogenic Effects""; ""Risk Assessment for Carcinogenic Effects""; ""RECOMMENDED APPROACH TO RISK ASSESSMENT""; ""Exploiting Similarities of Historical Approaches""; ""Benchmark-Dose Approach to Setting SWEGs""; ""BMD CALCULATION""; ""Central Estimate Versus Confidence Limit""; ""Estimating BMDp for Various Toxic Effects""; ""EXPOSURE CONVERSION""; ""Target Tissue Dose""; ""Differences in Duration""; ""Species Conversions""; ""Different Routes""