Electromechanics and MEMS / / Thomas B. Jones, University of Rochester, New York, Nenad G. Nenadic, Rochester Institute of Technology [[electronic resource]]

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910814944703321
• Autore: Jones T. B (Thomas Byron), <1944->
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Cambridge : , : Cambridge University Press, , 2013
• ISBN: 1-107-23329-1; 1-139-62462-8; 1-107-25359-4; 1-139-03260-7; 1-139-61532-7; 1-139-61160-7; 1-139-62090-8
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (xx, 559 pages) : digital, PDF file(s)
• Classificazione: TEC008080
• Disciplina: 621.381
• Soggetti: Microelectromechanical systems
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 05 Oct 2015).
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Machine generated contents note: 1. Introduction; 2. Circuit-based modeling; 3. Capacitive lumped parameter electromechanics; 4. Small-signal capacitive electromechanical systems; 5. Electromechanics of piezoelectric elements; 6. Capacitive sensing and resonant drive circuits; 7. Distributed 1D and 2D electromechanical structures; 8. Practical MEMS: pressure transducers, accelerometers and gyroscopes; 9. Electromechanics of magnetic MEMS devices; A. Review of quasistatic electromagnetics; B. Review of mechanical resonators; C. Brief survey of MEMS fabrication; D. A brief review of solid mechanics; E. Tables of M- and N-form transducer matrics; F. Finite element analysis as applied to MEMS.
• Sommario/riassunto: Offering a consistent, systematic approach to capacitive, piezoelectric and magnetic MEMS, from basic electromechanical transducers to high-level models for sensors and actuators, this comprehensive textbook equips graduate and senior-level undergraduate students with all the resources necessary to design and develop practical, system-level ; MEMS models. The concise yet thorough treatment of the underlying principles of electromechanical transduction provides a solid theoretical framework for this development, with each new topic related back to the core concepts. Repeated references to the shared commonalities of all MEMS encourage students to develop a systems-based design perspective. Extensive use is made of easy-to-interpret electrical and mechanical analogs, such as electrical circuits, electromechanical two-port models and the cascade paradigm. Each chapter features worked examples and numerous problems, all designed to test and extend students' understanding of the key principles.

Taxation of Companies in Economic and Financial Distress

• Record Nr.: UNINA9911011668403321
• Autore: Kristoffersson Eleonor
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Amsterdam : , : IBFD Publications USA, Incorporated, , 2023; ©2023
• ISBN: 9789087228460; 9087228465
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (539 pages)
• Collana: EATLP International Tax Series
• Soggetti: Corporations - Taxation - Europe; Taxation - Law and legislation - Europe
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Preface -- About the Authors -- Part One: General Report -- Chapter 1: Taxation of Companies in Financial and Economic Distress -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Impairment of loans and other commercial receivables -- 1.2.1. Tax effects of expected losses from accounts receivable and loans -- 1.2.2. Intra-group losses -- 1.2.3. Debt waivers -- 1.3. Corporate tax treatment of losses -- 1.3.1. General remarks -- 1.3.2. Loss carry-forward and loss carry-back -- 1.3.3. Groups of companies -- 1.3.4. Cross-border loss compensation -- 1.4. Capital injections -- 1.5. Tax deferrals and ; liability to pay taxes -- 1.5.1. General remarks -- 1.5.2. Enforceability and late payment of tax debts -- 1.5.3. Deferred tax payment and instalment payments -- 1.5.4. Liability for directors -- 1.6. Conclusions -- 1.7. Final observations -- Part Two: Thematic Reports -- Chapter 2: Topical Report: State Aid-Compliant Relief within the European Union -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. State aid in a nutshell -- 2.3. Substantive tax law: Loss compensation -- 2.3.1. Generic rules and different treatment of incorporated and non-incorporated entities -- 2.3.2. Rules targeted to small companies (not by virtue of their legal form) -- 2.3.3. Rules targeted to companies in distress -- 2.4. Substantive tax law: Bad debts, impairment and waiver of third-party debts -- 2.5. Procedural tax (collection) law: Payment arrangements and debt waivers -- 2.5.1. Payment in instalments, interest rates, penalties and fines -- 2.5.2. Forced collection, insolvency and tax debt waivers -- 2.5.3. Discretionary action? Now what? -- 2.5.3.1. Is an undertaking worth saving (from an EU perspective, that is)? -- 2.5.3.2. The need to qualify as rescue and restructuring aid -- 2.5.4. Liability of managers, directors and debt relief for former entrepreneurs/partners.; 2.6. Exceptional circumstances: The COVID-19 example -- 2.6.1. Exceptional circumstances call for exceptional measures: The Temporary Framework -- 2.6.2. Exceptional circumstance may make abnormal behaviour acceptable -- 2.7. State aid consequences of further EU harmonization -- 2.7.1. Insolvency -- 2.7.2. Business in Europe: Framework for Income Taxation (BEFIT) -- 2.8. Concluding remarks -- Chapter 3: Transfer Pricing in Relation to Businesses in Economic and Financial Distress -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Economic and financial distress -- 3.3. TP analysis during economic and financial distress -- 3.3.1. Identification of commercial or financial relations during economic and financial distress -- 3.3.1.1. Contractual terms -- 3.3.1.2. Functional analysis -- 3.3.1.3. Characteristics of property or services -- 3.3.1.4. Economic circumstances -- 3.3.1.5. Business strategies -- 3.3.2. Recognition of an accurately delineated transaction during economic and financial distress -- 3.3.2.1. Options realistically available -- 3.3.3. Selection of the most appropriate TP method during economic and financial distress -- 3.3.3.1. Comparable uncontrolled price method -- 3.3.3.2. Resale price method -- 3.3.3.3. Cost-plus method -- 3.3.3.4. Transactional net margin method -- 3.3.3.5. Transactional profit split method -- 3.3.4. Application of the most appropriate TP method during economic and financial distress -- 3.3.4.1. Limited-risk entities versus entrepreneurial entities -- 3.3.4.2. Group synergies -- 3.3.4.4. Internal versus external comparables -- 3.3.4.3. Government assistance -- 3.3.4.5. Loss-making comparables -- 3.3.4.6. Adjustments -- 3.4. Advance pricing agreements -- 3.5. Specific transactions -- 3.5.1. Intra-group services -- 3.5.2. Financial transactions -- 3.5.3. Intangibles -- 3.5.4. Business restructurings -- 3.6. Conclusion.; Chapter 4: Topical Report: The VAT Treatment of Companies in Distress -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. General principles underlying the VAT treatment of companies in distress -- 4.3. Companies in distress: A case-based VAT study -- 4.3.1. Overview -- 4.3.2. Adjustment of input VAT -- 4.3.2.1. Preliminary remarks -- 4.3.2.2. Adjustment of input VAT: General remarks -- 4.3.2.3. Adjustment of input VAT II -- 4.3.3. The state as a creditor of VAT for companiesin distress -- 4.3.3.1. Preliminary remarks -- 4.3.3.2. Waivers on collecting VAT for companies in distress -- Part Three: National Reports -- Chapter 5: Austria -- 5.1. Impairment of loans and other commercial receivables -- 5.1.1. Methods and rules for determining taxable profits -- 5.1.2. Tax treatment of debt waivers on the creditor's side -- 5.1.3. Tax ; treatment of debt waivers on the debtor's side -- 5.2. Corporate treatment of losses -- 5.2.1. Intra and inter-periodic loss utilization -- 5.2.2. Interpersonal loss utilization within groups of companies -- 5.2.3. Interpersonal loss utilization by means of corporate reorganizations -- 5.2.4. Anti-loss trafficking rules -- 5.2.5. Loss-related impairment -- 5.3. Capital injections -- 5.3.1. Tax treatment of open contributions -- 5.3.2. Tax treatment of hidden capital contributions and shareholder loans -- 5.3.3. Debt-to-equity swap and debt-equity mismatches -- 5.4. Tax deferrals and liability to pay taxes -- 5.4.1. General measures -- 5.4.2. Measures related to COVID-19 -- Chapter 6: Belgium -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. The impairment of loans and other commercial receivables -- 6.2.1. Tax treatment of final losses on receivables -- 6.2.2. Tax treatment of expected/probable losses on receivables -- 6.2.2.1. Conditions -- 6.2.2.2. Special COVID measures in relation to impairments on receivables.; 6.2.3. Debt restructuring of companies in distress: The debt-waiver -- 6.2.3.1. Voluntary debt waiver -- 6.2.3.2. Debt waiver in the context of insolvency proceedings -- 6.3. Corporate tax treatment of losses -- 6.3.1. Loss carry-back -- 6.3.2. Loss carry-forward -- 6.3.2.1. Unlimited carry-forward of tax losses -- 6.3.2.2. Limitations to the use of tax losses carried forward -- 6.3.3. Group contribution regime -- 6.3.4. Impact of restructurings on tax losses carried forward -- 6.3.4.1. Tax neutral merger/demerger/contribution -- 6.3.4.2. Change of control -- 6.3.5. Specific COVID-measures in relation to the corporate tax treatment of losses -- 6.4. Capital injections -- 6.4.1. Tax and accounting treatment of a capital injection -- 6.4.1.1. At the level of the receiving company -- 6.4.1.2. At the level of the contributing company -- 6.4.2. Debt restructuring for companies in distress: A debt/equity swap -- 6.4.3. Specific COVID measures in relation to capital injections -- 6.5. Tax deferrals and liability to pay taxes -- 6.5.1. Payment term and late payment interest -- 6.5.2. Tax deferral -- 6.5.2.1. Payment facility -- 6.5.2.2. Insolvency procedure -- 6.5.2.3. Special COVID measures in relation to tax deferrals -- 6.5.3. Sanctions against the company's directors for tax debts -- 6.5.3.1. Liability of directors for serious error contributing to the bankruptcy -- 6.5.3.2. Joint liability for unpaid wage withholding tax and VAT -- 6.5.3.3. Joint and several liability of co-perpetrators or accomplices in tax offences -- 6.5.3.4. Compensation for damage based on common law -- 6.5.3.5. Criminal liability for systematic non-payment of taxes to postpone the declaration of bankruptcy -- Chapter 7: Czech Republic -- 7.1. Impairment of loans and other commercial receivables -- 7.2. Corporate tax treatment of losses -- 7.3. Capital injections.; 7.4. Tax deferrals and liability to pay taxes -- Chapter 8: Denmark -- 8.1. The impairment of loans and other commercial receivables -- 8.1.1. Introduction -- 8.1.1.1. Provisions on deductibility -- 8.1.1.2. Definition of intra-group and interrelation -- 8.1.2. When is a loss deductible? -- 8.1.2.1. The realization principle -- 8.1.2.2. The accrual principle -- 8.1.2.3. Expected losses according to case law -- 8.1.3. Later payment of the loan -- 8.1.4. Connection to generally accepted accounting principles -- 8.1.5. The deduction of a probable loss: Tax effects on the debtor's part -- 8.1.6. Valuation of the impaired debt -- 8.1.7. Directive 2019/1023 -- 8.1.8. Assignment of receivables -- 8.1.9. Deductibility of interests -- 8.1.10. Withholding tax on interests -- 8.1.11. VAT and bad debt -- 8.2. Corporate tax treatment of losses -- 8.2.1. The regulation of losses -- 8.2.2. The use of losses when the company is sold -- 8.2.3. The shareholder's loss on its holding due to bankruptcy -- 8.2.4. VAT -- 8.3. Capital injections -- 8.3.1. Conversion of loans -- 8.3.2. Debt in tax law and equity for corporate ; law or accounting purposes -- 8.3.2.1. Additional tier 1 items and instruments (hybrid instruments) -- 8.3.2.2. Savings institution certificate -- 8.3.2.3. Callable subordinated capital securities -- 8.3.3. Debt waiver -- 8.3.4. COVID-19 and tax benefits -- 8.4. Tax deferrals and liability to pay taxes -- 8.4.1. Sanctions against individuals -- 8.4.2. COVID-19 -- 8.5. Conclusion -- Chapter 9: Finland -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. The impairment of loans and other commercial receivables -- 9.3. Corporate tax treatment of losses -- 9.4. Capital injections -- 9.5. Tax deferrals and liability to pay taxes -- 9.6. Conclusions -- Chapter 10: France -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Impairment of loans and other commercial receivables -- 10.2.1. Creditors.; 10.2.2. Debtors.
• Sommario/riassunto: This book investigates the taxation of companies under economic and financial distress. A company in economic distress has no or low profitability and a low going-concern value. On the other hand, a company in financial distress is a viable entity with current, but not necessarily long-term, debt-paying problems. This book provides an overview of how European domestic tax systems deal with tax issues in distress, focusing on the impairment of loans and other commercial receivables, corporate tax treatment of losses, capital injections, tax deferrals and liability to pay taxes.