Plant biotechnology and genetics : principles, techniques, and applications / / edited by C. Neal Stewart, Jr

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910814000503321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Hoboken, NJ, : Wiley, c2008
• ISBN: 0470282002; 9780470282007; 9780470282014
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: xxiv, 374 p., [16] p. of plates : ill. (some col.)
• Altri autori (Persone): StewartC. Neal
• Disciplina: 660.6;660.65
• Soggetti: Plant biotechnology; Plant genetics; Transgenic plants
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETICS -- CONTENTS -- Preface -- Foreword to Plant Biotechnology and Genetics -- Contributors -- 1. Plant Agriculture: The Impact of Biotechnology -- 1.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives -- 1.0.1 Summary -- 1.0.2 Discussion Questions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Biotechnology Crops Plantings -- 1.3 Why Farmers Use Biotech Crops -- 1.3.1 Herbicide-Tolerant Crops -- 1.3.2 Insect-Resistant Crops -- 1.3.3 Conclusion -- 1.4 How the Adoption of Plant Biotechnology Has Impacted the Environment -- 1.4.1 Environmental Impacts from Changes in Insecticide and Herbicide Use -- 1.4.2 Impact on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- 2. Mendelian Genetics and Plant Reproduction -- 2.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives -- 2.0.1 Summary -- 2.0.2 Discussion Questions -- 2.1 Genetics Overview -- 2.2 Mendelian Genetics -- 2.2.1 Law of Segregation -- 2.2.2 Law of Independent Assortment -- 2.3 Mitosis and Meiosis -- 2.3.1 Mitosis -- 2.3.2 Meiosis -- 2.3.3 Recombination -- 2.3.4 Cytogenetic Analysis -- 2.4 Plant Reproductive Biology -- 2.4.1 History of Research -- 2.4.2 Mating Systems -- 2.4.2.1 Sexual Reproduction -- 2.4.2.2 Asexual Reproduction -- 2.4.2.3 Mating ; Systems Summary -- 2.4.3 Hybridization and Polyploidy -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3. Plant Breeding -- 3.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives -- 3.0.1 Summary -- 3.0.2 Discussion Questions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Central Concepts in Plant Breeding -- 3.2.1 Simple versus Complex Inheritance -- 3.2.2 Phenotype versus Genotype -- 3.2.3 Mating Systems, Varieties, Landraces, and Pure Lines -- 3.2.4 Other Topics in Population and Quantitative Genetics -- 3.2.5 The Value of a Plant Variety Depends on Many Traits -- 3.2.6 Varieties Must Be Adapted to Environments -- 3.2.7 Plant Breeding Is a Numbers Game.; 3.2.8 Plant Breeding Is an Iterative and Collaborative Process -- 3.2.9 Diversity, Adaptation, and Ideotypes -- 3.2.10 Other Considerations -- 3.3 Objectives for Plant Breeding -- 3.4 Methods of Plant Breeding -- 3.4.1 Methods of Hybridization -- 3.4.1.1 Self-Pollinated Species -- 3.4.1.2 Outcrossing Species -- 3.4.1.3 Synthetic Varieties -- 3.4.1.4 Hybrid Varieties -- 3.4.2 Clonally Propagated Species -- 3.5 Breeding Enhancements -- 3.5.1 Doubled Haploidy -- 3.5.2 Marker-Assisted Selection -- 3.5.3 Mutation Breeding -- 3.5.4 Apomixis -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- 4. Plant Development and Physiology -- 4.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives -- 4.0.1 Summary -- 4.0.2 Discussion Questions -- 4.1 Plant Anatomy and Morphology -- 4.2 Embryogenesis and Seed Germination -- 4.2.1 Gametogenesis -- 4.2.2 Fertilization -- 4.2.3 Fruit Development -- 4.2.4 Embryogenesis -- 4.2.5 Seed Germination -- 4.2.6 Photomorphogenesis -- 4.3 Meristems -- 4.3.1 Shoot Apical Meristem -- 4.3.2 Root Apical Meristem and Root Development -- 4.4 Leaf Development -- 4.4.1 Leaf Structure -- 4.4.2 Leaf Development Patterns -- 4.5 Flower Development -- 4.5.1 Floral Evocation -- 4.5.2 Floral Organ Identity and the ABC Model -- 4.6 Hormone Physiology and Signal Transduction -- 4.6.1 Seven Plant Hormones and Their Actions -- 4.6.2 Plant Hormone Signal Transduction -- 4.6.2.1 Auxin and GA Signaling -- 4.6.2.2 Cytokinin and Ethylene Signaling -- 4.6.2.3 Brassinosteroid Signal Transduction -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- 5. Tissue Culture: The Manipulation of Plant Development -- 5.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives -- 5.0.1 Summary -- 5.0.2 Discussion Questions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 History -- 5.3 Media and Culture Conditions -- 5.3.1 Basal Media -- 5.3.2 Growth Regulators -- 5.4 Sterile Technique -- 5.4.1 Clean Equipment -- 5.4.2 Surface Sterilization of Explants.; 5.5 Culture Conditions and Vessels -- 5.6 Culture Types and Their Uses -- 5.6.1 Callus Culture -- 5.6.1.1 Somaclonal Variation -- 5.6.2 Cell Suspension Culture -- 5.6.2.1 Production of Secondary Metabolites and Recombinant Proteins Using Cell Culture -- 5.6.3 Anther/Microspore Culture -- 5.6.4 Protoplast Culture -- 5.6.4.1 Somatic Hybridization -- 5.6.5 Embryo Culture -- 5.6.6 Meristem Culture -- 5.7 Regeneration Methods of Plants in Culture -- 5.7.1 Organogenesis -- 5.7.1.1 Indirect Organogenesis -- 5.7.1.2 Direct Organogenesis -- 5.7.2 Somatic Embryogenesis -- 5.7.2.1 Synthetic Seeds -- 5.8 Rooting of Shoots -- 5.9 Acclimation -- 5.10 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6. Molecular Genetics of Gene Expression -- 6.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives -- 6.0.1 Summary -- 6.0.2 Discussion Questions -- 6.1 The gene -- 6.1.1 DNA Coding for a Protein via the Gene -- 6.1.2 DNA as a Polynucleotide -- 6.2 DNA Packaging into Eukaryotic Chromosomes -- 6.3 Transcription -- 6.3.1 Transcription of DNA to Produce Messenger RNA (mRNA) -- 6.3.2 Transcription Factors -- 6.3.3 Coordinated Regulation of Gene Expression -- 6.3.4 Chromatin as an Important Regulator of Transcription -- 6.3.5 Regulation of Gene Expression by DNA Methylation -- 6.3.6 Processing ; to Produce Mature mRNA -- 6.4 Translation -- 6.4.1 Initiation of Translation -- 6.4.2 Translation Elongation -- 6.4.3 Translation Termination -- 6.5 Protein Postranslational Modification -- References -- 7. Recombinant DNA, Vector Design, and Construction -- 7.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives -- 7.0.1 Summary -- 7.0.2 Discussion Questions -- 7.1 DNA Modification -- 7.2 DNA Vectors -- 7.2.1 DNA Vectors for Plant Transformation -- 7.2.2 Components for Efficient Gene Expression in Plants -- 7.3 Greater Demands Lead to Innovation -- 7.3.1 Site-Specific DNA Recombination -- 7.3.1.1 Gateway Cloning.; 7.3.1.2 Creator™ Cloning -- 7.3.1.3 Univector (Echo™) Cloning -- 7.4 Vector Design -- 7.4.1 Vectors for High-Throughput Functional Analysis -- 7.4.2 Vectors for RNA Interference (RNAi) -- 7.4.3 Expression Vectors -- 7.4.4 Vectors for Promoter Analysis -- 7.4.5 Vectors Derived from Plant Sequences -- 7.4.6 Vectors for Multigenic Traits -- 7.5 Targeted Transgene Insertions -- 7.6 Safety Features in Vector Design -- 7.7 Prospects -- References -- 8. Genes and Traits of Interest for Transgenic Plants -- 8.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives -- 8.0.1 Summary -- 8.0.2 Discussion Questions -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Identifying Genes of Interest via Genomic Studies -- 8.3 Traits for Improved Crop Production -- 8.3.1 Herbicide Resistance -- 8.3.2 Insect Resistance -- 8.3.3 Pathogen Resistance -- 8.4 Traits for Improved Products and Food Quality -- 8.4.1 Nutritional Improvements -- 8.4.2 Modified Plant Oils -- 8.4.3 Pharmaceutical Products -- 8.4.4 Biofuels -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9. Marker Genes and Promoters -- 9.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives -- 9.0.1 Summary -- 9.0.2 Discussion Questions -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Definition of Marker Genes -- 9.2.1 Selectable Marker Genes: An Introduction -- 9.2.2 Reporter Genes: An Introduction -- 9.3 Promoters -- 9.4 Selectable Marker Genes -- 9.4.1 Conditional Positive Selectable Marker Gene Systems -- 9.4.1.1 Selection on Antibiotics -- 9.4.1.2 Selection on Herbicides -- 9.4.1.3 Selection Using Nontoxic Metabolic Substrates -- 9.4.2 Nonconditional Positive Selection Systems -- 9.4.3 Conditional Negative Selection Systems -- 9.4.4 Nonconditional Negative Selection Systems -- 9.5 Nonselectable Marker Genes or Reporter Genes -- 9.5.1 β-Glucuronidase -- 9.5.2 Luciferase -- 9.5.3 Green Fluorescent Protein -- 9.6 Marker-Free Strategies -- 9.7 Conclusions -- References -- 10. Transgenic Plant Production.; 10.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives -- 10.0.1 Summary -- 10.0.2 Discussion Questions -- 10.1 Overview -- 10.2 Basic Components for Successful Gene Transfer to Plant Cells -- 10.2.1 Visualizing the General Transformation Process -- 10.2.2 DNA Delivery -- 10.2.3 Target Tissue Status -- 10.2.4 Selection and Regeneration -- 10.3 Agrobacterium -- 10.3.1 History of Our Knowledge of Agrobacterium -- 10.3.2 Use of the T-DNA Transfer Process for Transformation -- 10.3.3 Optimizing Delivery and Broadening the Range of Targets -- 10.3.4 Agroinfiltration -- 10.3.5 Arabidopsis Floral Dip -- 10.4 Particle Bombardment -- 10.4.1 History of Particle Bombardment -- 10.4.2 The Fate of Introduced DNA -- 10.4.3 The Power and Problems of Direct DNA Introduction -- 10.4.4 Improvements in Transgene Expression -- 10.5 Other Methods -- 10.5.1 The Need for Additional Technologies -- 10.5.2 Protoplasts -- 10.5.3 Whole-Tissue Electroporation -- 10.5.4 Silicon Carbide Whiskers -- 10.5.5 Viral Vectors -- 10.5.6 Laser Micropuncture -- 10.5.7 Nanofiber Arrays -- 10.6 The Rush to Publish -- 10.6.1 Controversial Reports of Plant Transformation -- 10.6.1.1 DNA Uptake in Pollen -- 10.6.1.2 Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Maize Seedlings -- 10.6.1.3 Pollen Tube Pathway -- 10.6.1.4 Rye Floral Tiller Injection -- 10.6.1.5 Electrotransformation of ; Germinating Pollen Grain -- 10.6.1.6 Medicago Transformation via Seedling Infiltration -- 10.6.2 Criteria to Consider: Whether My Plant Is Transgenic -- 10.6.2.1 Resistance Genes -- 10.6.2.2 Marker Genes -- 10.6.2.3 Transgene DNA -- 10.7 A Look to the Future -- References -- 11. Transgenic Plant Analysis -- 11.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives -- 11.0.1 Summary -- 11.0.2 Discussion Questions -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Directionally Named Analyses: As the Compass Turns -- 11.3 Initial Screens: Putative Transgenic Plants.; 11.3.1 Screens on Selection Media.
• Sommario/riassunto: Designed to inform and inspire the next generation of plant biotechnologists Plant Biotechnology and Genetics explores contemporary techniques and applications of plant biotechnology, illustrating the tremendous potential this technology has to change our world by improving the food supply. As an introductory text, its focus is on basic science and processes. It guides students from plant biology and genetics to breeding to principles and applications of plant biotechnology. Next, the text examines the critical issues of patents and intellectual property and then tackles the many controversies and consumer concerns over transgenic plants. The final chapter of the book provides an expert forecast of the future of plant biotechnology. Each chapter has been written by one or more leading practitioners in the field and then carefully edited to ensure thoroughness and consistency. The chapters are organized so that each one progressively builds upon the previous chapters. Questions set forth in each chapter help students deepen their understanding and facilitate classroom discussions. Inspirational autobiographical essays, written by pioneers and eminent scientists in the field today, are interspersed throughout the text. Authors explain how they became involved in the field and offer a personal perspective on their contributions and the future of the field. The text's accompanying CD-ROM offers full-color figures that can be used in classroom presentations with other teaching aids available online. This text is recommended for junior- and senior-level courses in plant biotechnology or plant genetics and for courses devoted to special topics at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. It is also an ideal reference for practitioners.