Spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations for selected airborne contaminants . Volume 3 / / Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910811528003321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1996
• ISBN: 0-309-17512-7; 1-280-19183-X; 9786610191833; 0-309-58989-4; 0-585-14663-2
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (362 p.)
• Disciplina: 629.47/7
• Soggetti: Space cabin atmospheres; Space vehicles - Contamination; Space vehicles - Air pollution; Space vehicles - Air quality - Standards
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: "The project was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration grant no. NAGW-2239"--T.p. verso.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS: Introduction -- SUMMARY OF REPORT ON GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING SMACS -- REVIEW OF SMAC REPORTS -- REFERENCES -- Appendix A GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SPACE STATION... -- GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SPACE STATION CONTAMINANTS ... -- ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEM -- MODIFICATION OF CONTAMINANT TOXICITY BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS -- SOURCES AND TYPES OF DATA FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF ; SMACS -- Chemical-Physical Characteristics of Toxicants -- In Vitro Toxicity Studies -- Animal Toxicity Studies -- Clinical and Epidemiological Observations -- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism -- Biological Markers -- RISK ASSESSMENT (DEVELOPMENT OF EXPOSURE CRITERIA) -- ISSUES IN MAKING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SMACS -- Appendix B REPORTS ON SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS -- B1 BROMOTRIFLUOROMETHANE (HALON 1301) -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- Toxicokinetics -- Metabolism -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute and Short-Term Exposures -- Human Exposures -- CNS Effects -- Cardiac Effects -- Irritation -- Animal Exposures -- CNS Effects -- Cardiac Effects -- Histopathology and Mortality -- Subchronic Exposures -- Developmental Toxicity -- Mutagenicity -- Carcinogenicity -- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS -- Studies Not Considered in Setting ACs -- Studies on ''Impure'' Halon 1301 -- Studies on Irritation -- Studies on Short-Term Exposures of Animals -- Studies Considered in Setting ACs -- Studies on CNS Effects in Humans.; Studies on Cardiovascular Effects in Humans -- Studies on Subchronic Exposures in Animals -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- B2 1-BUTANOL -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- Absorption -- Distribution -- Elimination -- Metabolism -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute and Short-Term Exposures -- Irritation -- CNS Effects -- Light Adaptation -- Hepatotoxicity -- Lethality -- Subchronic and Chronic Exposures -- Inhalation Exposures -- Oral Exposures -- Epidemiological Studies in Workers -- Genotoxicity -- Reproductive Toxicity -- Developmental Toxicity -- Interaction with Other Chemicals -- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS -- Irritation and Inflammation of the Eyes -- CNS Effects -- Long-Term Systemic Injury -- Spaceflight Effects -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- B3 TERT-BUTANOL -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- Absorption -- Distribution -- Elimination -- Metabolism -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute and Short-Term Exposures -- Subchronic Exposures -- Chronic Exposures -- Carcinogenicity -- Genotoxicity -- Reproductive Toxicity -- Developmental Toxicity -- Interaction with Other Chemicals -- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS -- CNS Effects -- Renal Lesions and Tumors -- Urinary-Bladder Injury -- Thyroid Lesions and Tumors -- Spaceflight Effects -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- B4 DIACETONE ALCOHOL -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- Absorption -- Distribution -- Elimination -- Metabolism -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute and Short-Term Exposures -- Subchronic and Chronic Exposures -- Carcinogenicity -- Genotoxicity -- Reproductive Toxicity -- Developmental Toxicity -- Interactions with Other Chemicals -- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS -- CNS Depression.; Irritation of Eyes and Throat -- Potential Liver Injury -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- B5 DICHLOROACETYLENE -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- Absorption -- Distribution -- Elimination -- Metabolism -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute Exposures -- Short-Term Exposures -- Subchronic and Chronic Exposures -- Noncancer Toxicity -- Carcinogenicity -- Genotoxicity -- Biological Interactions -- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS -- Nephrotoxicity -- Hepatotoxicity -- Neurotoxicity -- Lethality -- ; Summary -- REFERENCES -- B6 1, 2-DICHLOROETHANE -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- Toxicokinetics -- Metabolism -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute and Short-Term Exposures -- Lethality -- Cause of Death and Internal Injuries -- Miscellaneous Symptoms -- CNS Depression -- Corneal Opacity -- Bacterial Respiratory Infection -- Subchronic and Chronic Exposures -- Miscellaneous Symptoms -- Gastroenterological and Hepatic Toxicity -- Carcinogenicity -- Genotoxicity -- Developmental Toxicity -- Interaction with Other Chemicals -- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS -- CNS Effects -- Gastrointestinal Symptoms -- Liver Toxicity -- Impaired Host Defense -- Carcinogenesis -- Establishment of SMACs -- REFERENCES -- B7 ETHANOL -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- Absorption -- Distribution -- Excretion -- Metabolism -- Understanding of Ethanol Metabolism Before 1900 -- Understanding of Ethanol Metabolism by 1950 -- Present Understanding of Ethanol Metabolism -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute and Short-Term Exposures -- Neurotoxicity -- Mucosal Irritation -- Flush Response -- Subchronic and Chronic Exposures -- Hepatotoxicity -- Carcinogenicity -- Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity -- Reproductive Toxicity.; Developmental Toxicity -- Interaction with Other Chemicals -- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS -- Neurotoxicity -- Mucosal and Eye Irritation -- Hepatotoxicity -- Flush Response -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- B8 ETHYLBENZENE -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute and Short-Term Exposures -- Lethality -- Eye and Respiratory Irritation -- CNS Effects -- Subchronic Exposures -- Lethality -- NOAELs for All Measured Effects -- Respiratory Distress, CNS Effects -- Neurochemical Changes -- Chronic Exposures -- Sleepiness, Fatigue, Eye, and Respiratory Irritation and Headache -- Carcinogenicity -- Kidney and Liver Changes -- Testicular Toxicity -- Genotoxicity -- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity -- Interactions with Other Chemicals -- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS -- Eye and Respiratory Irritation -- Testicular Toxicity -- Sleepiness and Headache -- Spaceflight Considerations -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- B9 ETHYLENE GLYCOL -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- Absorption -- Metabolism -- Excretion -- Toxicokinetics -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute or Short-Term Exposures -- Lethality -- CNS, Cardiopulmonary, and Renal Toxicity -- Metabolic Acidosis and Miscellaneous Signs and Symptoms -- Mucosal Irritation -- Subchronic and Chronic Exposures -- Mucosal Irritation and Eye Toxicity -- CNS Effects -- Renal Toxicity -- Potential Effect on the Liver -- Potential Hematological Effects -- Lethality -- Carcinogenesis -- Genotoxicity -- Reproductive Toxicity -- Developmental Toxicity -- Interaction with Other Chemicals -- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS -- Mucosal Irritation -- CNS Depression -- Renal Toxicity -- Establishment of SMAC Values -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES.; B10 GLUTARALDEHYDE -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Background -- Acute Exposures -- Irritation and Depressed Weight Gain -- Respiratory Distress -- Hepatitis -- Lethality -- Genotoxicity -- Subchronic Exposures -- Lethality -- Irritation, Hematological Effects, and Decreased Organ Weights -- Contact Dermatitis -- Respiratory Difficulty, Rhinitis, Headache, Watering of the Eyes -- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity -- ; Carcinogenicity -- Interactions with Other Chemicals -- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS -- Respiratory Difficulty, Rhinitis, Headache, Watering of the Eyes -- Lesions of the Respiratory Tract -- Hepatitis -- SPACEFLIGHT CONSIDERATIONS -- REFERENCES -- B11 TRICHLOROETHYLENE -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- Absorption and Distribution -- Elimination -- Metabolism -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute Exposures -- Short-Term and Subchronic Exposures -- Chronic Exposures -- Noncarcinogenicity -- Carcinogenicity -- Genotoxicity -- Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- Interactions with Other Chemicals -- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS -- CNS Effects -- Cardiac Sensitization to Arrhythmia -- Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity -- Carcinogenesis -- Summary -- REFERENCES -- B12 XYLENE -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute Exposures -- Subchronic Exposures -- Chronic Exposures -- Carcinogenicity and Genotoxicity -- Gastrointestinal Effects in Humans -- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS -- Lethality -- 1-h and 24-h ACs in Humans -- 1-h and 24-h ACs in Rats -- Throat Irritation -- 1-h and 24-h ACs -- 7-d 30-d, and 180-d ACs -- Eye Irritation -- Histopathological Changes -- Narcosis -- Reduced Cardiac Output.; SPACEFLIGHT CONSIDERATIONS.