Biosolids applied to land : advancing standards and practices / / Committee on Toxicants and Pathogens in Biosolids Applied to Land, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910810819703321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Washington, D.C., : National Academies Press, c2002
• ISBN: 0-309-16929-1; 1-280-18343-8; 9786610183432; 0-309-57036-0
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (365 p.)
• Disciplina: 628.3/64
• Soggetti: Land treatment of wastewater; Sewage sludge - Management; Sewage disposal in the ground - Health aspects; Sewage disposal plants - Standards - United States; Health risk assessment - United States
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: ""Biosolids Applied to Land""; ""Copyright""; ""Preface""; ""Contents""; ""Abbreviations""; ""Summary""; ""THE COMMITTEEâ€?S TASK""; ""MAJOR FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS""; ""Overarching Findings""; ""Overarching Recommendations""; ""Health Effects""; ""Chemical and Pathogen Standards""; ""Chemical Standards""; ""Pathogen Standards""; ""1 Introduction""; ""BIOSOLIDS""; ""Definitions and Use""; ""Pollutant Standards""; ""Earlier NRC Review""; ""HUMAN HEALTH AND RISK-ASSESSMENT ISSUES""; ""THE COMMITTEEâ€?S TASK""; ""THE COMMITTEEâ€?S APPROACH""; ""REPORT ORGANIZATION""; ""REFERENCES""; ""2 Biosolids Management""""FEDERAL BIOSOLIDS REGULATIONS AND CURRENT STATE OF PROGRAM""; ""History""; ""Federal Policy""; ""Proposed Regulation""; ""Final Regulations""; ""Pollutant Concentrations""; ""Pathogen Control""; ""Class A Pathogen ; Requirements""; ""Class B Pathogen Requirements""; ""Reduction of Vector Attraction""; ""Treatment Design Standards""; ""Rule Modifications""; ""Revision of Regulations""; ""Public Issue Forums""; ""EPA Resources""; ""State Programs""; ""EUROPEAN BIOSOLIDS MANAGEMENT""; ""PATHOGEN ISSUES AND TREATMENT CONTROLS""; ""PATHOGEN EQUIVALENCY COMMITTEE""; ""IMPLEMENTATION AND END-USE PRACTICES""""Overview""; ""Management Practices""; ""End-Use Practices""; ""CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOSOLIDS""; ""COMPLIANCE ASSISTANCE AND ENFORCEMENT""; ""FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS""; ""REFERENCES""; ""3 Epidemiological Evidence of Health Effects Associated with Biosolids Production and Application""; ""DESCRIPTION OF THE LITERATURE""; ""Exposed Populations""; ""Observed Health Outcomes""; ""Assessment of Causality""; ""FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS""; ""Response Studies""; ""Preplanned Studies""; ""REFERENCES""; ""4 Advances in Risk Assessment Since the Establishment of the Part 503 Rule""""THE RISK-ASSESSMENT PROCESS""; ""Components of the Risk-Analysis Process""; ""Confronting Uncertainty and Variability""; ""NEW APPROACHES AND CONSIDERATIONS IN RISK ASSESSMENT""; ""Recent Reports Define New Directions in Risk Assessment""; ""Advances in Hazard Identification""; ""Advances in the Dose-Response Characterization Process""; ""Changes in Dose-Response Methods""; ""EPAâ€?s Proposed 1996 Carcinogen Risk-Assessment Guidelines""; ""Time-to-Tumor Models""; ""Use of Subjective Statistics: Bayesian Methods""; ""Use of Meta-Analysis in Place of Single-Species Data Sets""""Assessment of Mixtures""; ""Advances in the Exposure Characterization Process""; ""Increased Focus on Indoor and Residential Environments""; ""Methods for Monitoring Biological Agents in Exposure Media""; ""Explicit Treatment of Uncertainty and Variability""; ""Multimedia and Multiple-Pathway Exposure Assessments""; ""Biological Markers""; ""Challenges to the Risk-Characterization Process for Biosolids""; ""Characterizing Exposures to Children as a Subpopulation""; ""Participation of the Affected Populations""; ""Link Between Risk Assessment and Management of Land-Application Sites""