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Record Nr. |
UNINA9910793394003321 |
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Autore |
Bussolo Maurizio |
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Titolo |
Toward a New Social Contract : : Taking on Distributional Tensions in Europe and Central Asia / / Maurizio Bussolo |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Washington, D.C. : , : The World Bank, , 2018 |
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ISBN |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (248 pages) |
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Collana |
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Europe and Central Asia Studies. |
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Altri autori (Persone) |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Employment |
Globalism |
Inequality |
Inequality Trap |
Middle Class |
Pensions |
Populism |
Social Contract |
Social Safety Nets |
Technological Change |
Technology |
Europe Economic conditions 1945- |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- About the Authors and Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Regional Classifications Used in This Report -- Overview -- Distributional Tensions and the Need to Rethink the Social Contract -- Equity: A Key Aspiration in the Region -- Balancing Markets, Policies, and Preferences -- The Market-Generated Distribution of Incomes -- Public Policy Responses -- Preferences for Equity -- Fissures in the Social Contract -- Looking Ahead: Public Policies for a Stable Social Contract -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 1 Introduction -- Emerging Distributional Tensions in Europe and Central Asia -- The Potential Implications for the Social |
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Contract -- Is a Rethinking of the Social Contract in the Region Warranted? -- Notes -- References -- 2 Are Distributional Tensions Brewing in Europe and Central Asia? -- Inequality across Individuals in Europe and Central Asia -- Labor Market Polarization and the Shifting Demand for Skills -- An Increasing Generational Divide, and the Young Are Losing Ground -- Persistent Spatial Disparities across the Region -- Rising Inequality of Opportunity, Particularly in the East -- Distributional Tensions and the Path to a Middle-Class Society -- Annex 2A. Statistical Tables -- Notes -- References -- 3 Are Public Policies Equipped to Respond to Distributional Tensions? -- Labor Markets Are Changing, and Policy Is Not Ensuring Equal Protection -- The Impact of Tax and Transfer Systems on Income Redistribution -- Limited Labor Mobility Affects the Opportunities in High-Productivity Areas -- Annex 3A. Decomposition Analysis: Drivers of Change in Redistribution -- Annex 3B. Policy Changes That Have Contributed to Redistribution -- Annex 3C. The Impact of Taxes and Transfers on Redistribution -- Notes -- References. |
4 The Social Contract: Do Distributional Tensions Matter? -- Introduction -- The Third Component of the Social Contract: The Preference for Equity -- There Are Fissures in the Social Contract in the Region -- Notes -- References -- 5 How Can the Stability of the Social Contract Be Restored? -- Introduction -- Promoting Growth and Protecting People -- Extending Social Protection to Everyone -- More Progressive Taxation -- Reducing Inequality of Opportunity through Improved Services -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- 2.1 Horizontal Inequality -- 2.2 Construction of Occupational Categories -- 2.3 Decomposing the Change in Wages: The Role of Occupational Change -- 2.4 Teachers and Drivers: Low Wages in High-Skill Occupations in the Former Soviet Union Economies -- 2.5 The Changing Education and Task Profile of Nonstandard Employment -- 2.6 A Closer Look at Spatial Disparities in the Russian Federation -- 2.7 Calculating Measures of Intergenerational Mobility -- 2.8 Defining the Middle Class -- 2.9 Defining the Absolute Middle-Class Threshold, a Vulnerability Approach -- 3.1 Labor Market Institutions Pick the Winners, France versus the United States -- 3.2 Italy: Toward One Type of Employment Contract -- 3.3 Housing and Labor Mobility Constraints in Kazakhstan -- 4.1 Preferences for Equity and Demand for Redistribution, a Brief Digression -- 5.1 The Perils of Excessive Employment Protection -- 5.2 Helping Displaced Workers through Active Labor Market Programs -- 5.3 Progressive Universalism -- 5.4 Types of Social Assistance Cash Transfers -- 5.5 Distributional and Fiscal Effects of a UBI, Selected EU Countries -- 5.6 Should Taxes Be Higher on Capital Income or on Wealth? -- Figures -- O. 1 The social contract as a dynamic equilibrium -- O.2 Distributional tensions along four dimensions are explored. |
O.3 Income inequality is much higher among cohorts born in the 1980s -- O.4 The employment share of routine task-intensive occupations has fallen in Europe -- O.5 The share of employment, by occupational category, early 2000s to mid-2010s -- O.6 Between-region spatial inequalities within countries have increased in the European Union -- O.7 The middle class in the European Union has become more vulnerable -- O.8 Measured changes in inequality explain little of the demand for redistribution -- O.9 Perceived inequality correlates strongly with the demand for redistribution -- O.10 At any decile of consumption, individuals more likely feel poor when they are not in full-time employment -- 1.1 Income inequality is lower in Europe and Central Asia than in most of the rest of the world -- 1.2 The social contract as a dynamic equilibrium -- 1.3 Distributional tensions along |
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four dimensions are explored -- 2.1 Trends in income inequality, European Union, 1988-2015 -- 2.2 Trends in consumption inequality, former Soviet Union economies, Turkey, and Western Balkans, 1988-2013 -- 2.3 Gini index adjusted for the top incomes, 2011 -- 2.4 The number of billionaires and their net worth have increased -- 2.5 The declining share of labor income, particularly in transition economies -- 2.6 The employment share in routine task-intensive occupations has fallen in Europe -- 2.7 The share of employment, by occupational category, early 2000s to mid-2010s -- 2.8 Changes in wages, Germany, Poland, and Spain, 1990s to 2013 -- 2.9 Wage changes, Georgia, Kyrgyz Republic, Russian Federation, and Turkey, 1990s to 2010s -- B2.4.1 Distribution of teaching professionals, drivers, and mobile plant operators, initial year -- 2.10 Nonstandard employment (NSE) has expanded in most of Europe and Central Asia. |
2.11 The composition of nonstandard employment differs in countries and regions -- B2.5.1 Changes in the education profile of workers, by employment type -- B2.5.2 Changes in task content, by employment type -- 2.12 Rising nonstandard employment (NSE), Southern and Western Europe -- 2.13 Rising nonstandard employment (NSE), Central and Northern Europe -- 2.14 Average job tenure has been mostly stable in Europe and Central Asia -- 2.15 Tenure is decreasing among the young, but less among the middle and older age-groups -- 2.16 Household income, by age of household head, Western, Northern, and Southern Europe -- 2.17 Household income, by age of household head, Central Europe, Baltic States, Russian Federation, and Turkey -- 2.18 Average annual earnings, 30-34 age-group, Southern Europe, 2004-14 -- 2.19 Average annual earnings, 30-34 age-group, Western Europe, 2004-14 -- 2.20 Average annual earnings, 30-34 age-group, Central Europe, 2004-14 -- 2.21 Average annual earnings, 30-34 age-group, Northern Europe, 2004-14 -- 2.22 Income inequality is much higher among cohorts born in the 1980s -- 2.23 Spatial disparities in welfare are not uncommon in the region -- 2.24 Gaps between urban and rural areas are largest in Georgia and Tajikistan and are negative only in Greece -- 2.25 Between-region inequality has widened in some countries -- 2.26 Inequality between urban and rural areas has increased in some countries -- 2.27 Gaps in mean consumption, circa 2003-13 -- 2.28 Between-region spatial inequalities within countries have increased in the European Union -- 2.29 Regional disparities in disposable income rose, were unchanged, or declined -- 2.30 The spatial dispersion of poverty rates has increased -- 2.31 Differences in characteristics and in returns to characteristics help explain welfare gaps across geographical areas, circa 2013. |
2.32 Gaps in PISA reading scores: often equivalent to a year of schooling, urban and rural areas -- 2.33 Moldova: indicators of service quality, by region, 2013 -- 2.34 Income inequality, Europe, 2005 and 2011 -- 2.35 Trends in inequality of opportunity: France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom -- 2.36 Decomposition of inequality of opportunity in age and cohort effects, France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom -- 2.37 Decomposition of inequality of opportunity -- 2.38 Income inequality and inequality of opportunity in obtaining income -- 2.39 Inequality of opportunity in tertiary education -- 2.40 Intergenerational persistence in education, Europe and Central Asia -- 2.41 Trends in the relative size of the middle class, Europe and Central Asia -- 2.42 Income classes, subregions of Europe and Central Asia, excluding the EU15 -- 2.43 Age-groups along the income distribution -- 2.44 Cumulative change in the share of people living in single-adult households, by country -- 2.45 Change in the share of people living in single-adult households, by income, France, Italy, Poland -- 2.46 The |
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decline in single-breadwinner households across the region -- 2.47 The middle class in the European Union has become more vulnerable -- B2.9.1 The vulnerability-income function: identifying the middle-class threshold -- 2.48 The profile of those vulnerable to poverty now looks like the middle class of yesterday -- 3.1 Union membership -- 3.2 Employment protection and job quality, Europe and Central Asia versus the rest of the world -- 3.3 Employment protection differs within the region and has shifted -- 3.4 Protections governing contracts, Central Asia and OECD Europe, 1990-2009 -- 3.5 Spending on labor market interventions varies across the region -- 3.6 Employment protection, by contract type, Eastern Europe and Central Asia. |
3.7 Employment structure, selected countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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The growing economic fissures in the societies of Europe and Central Asia between generations, between insiders and outsiders in the labor market, between rural and urban communities, and between the super-rich and everyone else, are threatening the sustainability of the social contract. The institutions that helped achieving a remarkable degree of equity and prosperity over the course of several decades now face considerable difficulties in coping with the challenges presented by these emerging forms of inequality. Public surveys reveal rising concerns over inequality of opportunity, while electoral results show a marked shift to populist parties that offer radical solutions to voters dissatisfied with the status quo.There is no single solution to relieve these tensions, and attempts to address them will vary considerably across the region. However, this publication proposes three broad policy principles: (1) promote labor market flexibility while maintaining protection for all types of labor contracts; (2) seek universality in the provision of social assistance, social insurance, and basic quality services; and (3) expand the tax base by complementing progressive labor-income taxation with taxation of capital. These principles could guide the rethinking of the social contract and fulfil European citizens' aspirations for growth and equity. |
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