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Record Nr. |
UNINA9910791158403321 |
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Autore |
Warner Andrew |
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Titolo |
Public Investment as an Engine of Growth / / Andrew Warner |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Washington, D.C. : , : International Monetary Fund, , 2014 |
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ISBN |
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1-4983-4658-8 |
1-4983-9572-4 |
1-4843-7968-3 |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (77 p.) |
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Collana |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Public investments |
Economic development |
Infrastructure |
Investments: General |
Public Finance |
National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures |
Other Public Investment and Capital Stock |
Investment |
Capital |
Intangible Capital |
Capacity |
Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General |
Economywide Country Studies: General |
National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General |
Public finance & taxation |
Macroeconomics |
Public investment spending |
Expenditure |
Capital spending |
Private investment |
National accounts |
Saving and investment |
Expenditures, Public |
Capital investments |
Korea, Republic of |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Note generali |
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Description based upon print version of record. |
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Nota di bibliografia |
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Includes bibliographical references. |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Cover; Table of Contents; 1. Introduction; 2. Framework; 3. Empirical Section on the Impact of Public Investment Drives; A. Empirical Results; B. Post-1990 evidence; C. Sensitivity of the results to an alternative method of selecting boom years; D. Crowding in or crowding out?; E. A comparison of two major episodes: pre and post 1990; 4. Five Case Studies; A. Mexico; B. Bolivia; C. Korea; D. Taiwan province of China; E. Philippines; 5. The World Bank's Project Investment Upsurge; 6. Summary and Conclusions; 7. References; 8. Appendix I: Additional Regression Results |
9. Appendix II: Eighteen cases of public investment booms |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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This paper looks at the empirical record whether big infrastructure and public capital drives have succeeded in accelerating economic growth in low-income countries. It looks at big long-lasting drives in public capital spending, as these were arguably clear and exogenous policy decisions. On average the evidence shows only a weak positive association between investment spending and growth and only in the same year, as lagged impacts are not significant. Furthermore, there is little evidence of long term positive impacts. Some individual countries may be exceptions to this general result, as for example Ethiopia in recent years, as high public investment has coincided with high GDP growth, but it is probably too early to draw definitive conclusions. The fact that the positive association is largely instantaneous argues for the importance of either reverse causality, as capital spending tends to be cut in slumps and increased in booms, or Keynesian demand effects, as spending boosts output in the short run. It argues against the importance of long term productivity effects, as these are triggered by the completed investments (which take several years) and not by the mere spending on the investments. In fact a slump in growth rather than a boom has followed many public capital drives of the past. Case studies indicate that public investment drives tend eventually to be financed by borrowing and have been plagued by poor analytics at the time investment projects were chosen, incentive problems and interest-group-infested investment choices. These observations suggest that the current public investment drives will be more likely to succeed if governments do not behave as in the past, and instead take analytical issues seriously and safeguard their decision process against interests that distort public investment decisions. |
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2. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910557262003321 |
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Autore |
Ji Jianguang |
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Titolo |
Cancer Epidemiology in China: What We Have Learnt So Far? |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (154 p.) |
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Soggetti |
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Medicine and Nursing |
Oncology |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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After several decades of development, the socialist market economy of China is now the world's second largest economy by nominal GDP. China is also the largest economy by purchasing power parity according to the International Monetary Fund. In tandem with the development of the Chinese economy, China's cancer burden is rising rapidly due to an ageing population and the adoption of unhealthy lifestyle behaviours. According to the data from the National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR) of China, the incidence and mortality of cancer have been increasing rapidly in China. In recent years, cancer has been the leading cause of death among city residents and the second cause of death among rural residents, which has become a stark public health issue in China. According to the NCCR, an estimated 4.29 million new incident cases (12 thousand per day) and 2.81 million death cases (7.5 thousand per day) would occur in 2015 in China. This corresponds to the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of 201.1 per 100,000 and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of 126.9 per 100,000, respectively. Due to the geographical and ethnical disparities in living habits and healthcare level, the cancer spectrum differs between different regions and ethnical groups in China. According to the estimation from IARC, the incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and liver cancer is the world's highest in specific regions of China. The incidence of some cancer types in Chinese urban areas, such as |
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colorectal, prostate, kidney and bladder cancers, is similar to that in developed countries or regions where the incidence of cancer is highly associated with obesity and westernised lifestyles. Nevertheless, the incidence of some common cancer types in rural areas, including oesophageal, stomach, liver and cervical cancers, shares similarity with less developed countries or regions in the world where cancers are associated with chronic infectious agents due to poverty. In addition, the mortality rate is higher in rural areas, which suggests a poorer cancer prognosis due to late diagnosis and/or unsatisfying clinical treatment. The distinct cancer patterns of different regions and/or ethnic groups indicate a need for precise cancer prevention and control plans tailored for different geographical regions and/or ethnic groups. The overarching goal of the proposed Frontiers in Oncology Research Topic is to present current perspectives on cancer epidemiology in Chinese characteristics and provide current knowledge of cancer burden as well as cancer mortality to academic investigators, clinicians and stakeholders from the translational, clinical and public health communities. |
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