Presumption of innocence : evidential and human rights perspectives / Andrew Stumer

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910459054703321
• Autore: Stumer Andrew C (Andrew Carl), <1979->
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Oxford ; Portland, Oregon, : Hart Publishing, 2010
• ISBN: 1-4725-6513-4; 1-282-91967-9; 9786612919671; 1-84731-587-9
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (258 p.)
• Collana: Criminal law library ; v. 8
• Disciplina: 345.056
• Soggetti: Presumption of innocence; Presumption of innocence - Great Britain; Presumption of innocence - Europe; Burden of proof; Human rights; Electronic books.
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: "Complete and systematic review of the United Kingdom and Strasbourg authority on the presumption of innocence ... Also draws upon extensive references to comparative material, both judicial and academic, from the United States, Canada, and South Africa"--pages [i]
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references (pages 193-208) and index
• Nota di contenuto: The presumption before the Human Rights Act -- Rationale for the presumption -- Scope of the presumption -- The presumption in Strasbourg -- Proportionality and the presumption -- Alocating the burden of proof; INTRODUCTION -- 1. THE PRESUMPTION BEFORE THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT -- A. History of the Presumption of Innocence -- B. Burden of Proof -- 1. Persuasive Burdens -- 2. Evidential Burdens -- C. Standard of Proof -- D. Impact of the HRA -- E. Conclusion -- 2. RATIONALE FOR THE PRESUMPTION -- A. Two rationales for the Presumption -- 1. Protecting the Innocent -- 2. Promoting the Rule of Law -- B. Limitation of the Presumption -- 1. Limitation of Rights -- 2. Threat of Serious Crime -- 3. When the Rationale is Attenuated -- C. Conclusion ; -- 3. SCOPE OF THE PRESUMPTION -- A. Substantive Approach -- 1. Rejection in the English Cases -- 2. Case for a Substantive Approach -- 3. Other Constraints on Unfair Offences -- B. Narrow Procedural Approach -- 1. Confusion in the English Cases -- 2. Case for a Narrow Procedural Approach -- C. Broad Procedural Approach -- 1. Greater Power includes the Lesser -- 2. Risk of More Strict Liability Ofences -- D. Conclusion -- 4. THE PRESUMPTION IN STRASBOURG -- A. The Content of the Presumption -- 1. Official Decisions Reflecting Guilt -- 2. Burden of Proof -- 3. Presumptions Confined within Reasonable Limits -- 4. Article 6(2) and Substantive Law -- B. Limitation of Article 6 Rights -- 1. Community Interest under Article 6(2) -- 2. Community Interest and other Article 6 Rights -- C. Conclusion -- 5. PROPORTIONALITY AND THE PRESUMPTION -- A. Confusion in the English Cases -- 1. Necessity Approach -- 2. Balance Approach -- 3. A 'Difference of Emphasis' -- B. The Nature of the Proportionality Inquiry -- 1. Legitimate Objective -- 2. Suitability, Necessity and Balance -- 3. Proportionality and the Problem of Deference -- C. Conclusion -- 6. ALLOCATING THE BURDEN OF PROOF -- A. Seriousness of the Offence -- B. Penalty -- C. Regulatory Offences -- 1. Minimal Censure and Penalty -- 2. An Effective Regulatory Regime -- D. Knowledge and Ease of Proof -- 1. Relative Ease of Proof -- 2. 'Peculiar Knowledge' -- E. Importance of Matters Proved by Prosecution -- 1. Proof of Wrongfulness -- 2. Connection between Basic and Presumed Fact -- F. Conclusion -- Conclusion
• Sommario/riassunto: The presumption of innocence is universally recognized as a fundamental human right and a core principle in the administration of criminal justice. Nonetheless, statutes creating criminal offences regularly depart from the presumption of innocence by requiring defendants to prove specific matters in order to avoid conviction. Legislatures and courts seek to justify this departure by asserting that the reversal of the burden of proof is necessary to meet the community interest in prosecuting serious crime and maintaining workable criminal sanctions. This book investigates the supposed justifications for limitation of the presumption of innocence. It does so through a comprehensive analysis of the history, rationale and scope of the presumption of innocence. It is argued that the values underlying the presumption of innocence are of such fundamental importance to individual liberty that they cannot be sacrificed on the altar of community interest. In particular, it is argued that a test of 'proportionality', which seeks to weigh individual rights against the community interest, is inappropriate in the context of the presumption of innocence and that courts ought instead to focus on whether an impugned measure threatens the values which the presumption is designed to protect. The book undertakes a complete and systematic review of the United Kingdom and Strasbourg authority on the presumption of innocence. It also draws upon extensive references to comparative material, both judicial and academic, from the United States, Canada and South Africa

Beam dynamics in high energy particle accelerators / / Andrzej Wolski, University of Liverpool, UK

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910789288403321
• Autore: Wolski Andrzej
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: London : , : Imperial College Press, , [2014]; �2014
• ISBN: 1-78326-278-8
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (xiii, 591 pages) : illustrations
• Collana: Gale eBooks
• Disciplina: 620.1; 620.1/1228; 620.11228
• Soggetti: Beam dynamics; Particle accelerators
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Contents; Preface; I Electromagnetism and Classical Mechanics; 1 Electromagnetic Fields in Accelerator Components; 1.1 Boundary Conditions on Electromagnetic Fields; 1.1.1 Surface of an infinite permeability material; 1.1.2 Surface of an ideal conductor; 1.2 Two-Dimensional Multipole Fields; 1.2.1 Current distribution for a pure multipole; 1.2.2 Geometry of iron-dominated multipole magnets; 1.2.3 Multipole decomposition; 1.3 Three-Dimensional Fields; 1.3.1 Cartesian and cylindrical modes; 1.3.2 Generalised gradients; 1.4 Fields in Radiofrequency Cavities; 1.4.1 Rectangular cavities; 1.4.2 Cylindrical cavities2 Hamiltonian for a Particle in an Accelerator Beam Line; 2.1 The Hamiltonian for a Straight Beam Line; 2.2 Dynamical Variables for Beam Dynamics; 2.3 The Hamiltonian in a Curved Co-ordinate System; 2.4 Symplectic Transfer Maps and Liouville's Theorem; II Single-Particle Linear Dynamics; 3 Linear Transfer Maps for Common Components; 3.1 Drift Space; 3.2 Dipole Magnet; 3.3 Dipole Fringe Fields and Edge Focusing; 3.4 Quadrupole Magnet; 3.5 Solenoid; 3.6 Radiofrequency Cavity; 3.7 Spin Dynamics; 4 Linear Optics in Uncoupled Beam Lines; 4.1 A FODO Lattice; 4.2 The Courant-Snyder Parameters4.3 Action-Angle Variables; 4.4 ; Courant-Snyder Parameters in a FODO Beam Line; 4.5 Hill's Equation; 4.6 Courant-Snyder Parameters and Particle Distribution; 5 Coupled Optics; 5.1 Transverse-Longitudinal Coupling; 5.1.1 Dispersion; 5.1.2 Momentum compaction and phase slip; 5.1.3 Synchrotron motion; 5.2 Fully Coupled Motion; 5.3 Dispersion Revisited; 5.4 Examples of Coupled Optics; 5.4.1 Uniform solenoid field; 5.4.2 Flat-beam electron source; 6 Linear Imperfections in Storage Rings; 6.1 The Closed Orbit; 6.2 Dipole Field Errors; 6.3 Quadrupole Alignment Errors; 6.4 Focusing Errors6.5 Beam-Based Alignment of Quadrupoles; 6.6 Coupling Errors; 7 Effects of Synchrotron Radiation; 7.1 Classical Radiation: Radiation Damping; 7.2 Quantum Radiation: Quantum Excitation; 7.3 Equilibrium Emittance and Lattice Design; 7.3.1 Natural emittance in a FODO storage ring; 7.3.2 Double-bend achromat; 7.3.3 TME lattices and multibend achromats; 7.4 Computation of Equilibrium Emittances; 7.5 Synchrotron Radiation and Spin Polarisation; III Single-Particle Nonlinear Dynamics; 8 Examples of Nonlinear Effects in Accelerator Beam Lines; 8.1 Longitudinal Dynamics in a Bunch Compressor8.2 Chromaticity in a Linear FODO Beam Line; 8.3 Chromaticity in Storage Rings; 9 Representations of Transfer Maps; 9.1 Lie Transformations; 9.2 Power Series Map for a Sextupole; 9.3 Mixed-Variable Generating Functions; 10 Symplectic Integrators; 10.1 Splitting Methods; 10.2 Explicit Symplectic Integrator for s-dependent Fields; 10.3 Symplectic Runge-Kutta Integrators; 11 Methods for Analysis of Single-Particle Dynamics; 11.1 A Lie Transformation Example: the -I Transformer; 11.2 Canonical Perturbation Theory; 11.2.1 Dipole perturbations: closed orbit distortion
• Sommario/riassunto: Particle accelerators are essential tools for scientific research in fields as diverse as high energy physics, materials science and structural biology. They are also widely used in industry and medicine. Producing the optimum design and achieving the best performance for an accelerator depends on a detailed understanding of many (often complex and sometimes subtle) effects that determine the properties and behavior of the particle beam. Beam Dynamics in High Energy Particle Accelerators provides an introduction to the concepts underlying accelerator beam line design and analysis, taking an ap