Environmental and human health impacts of nanotechnology [[electronic resource] /] / edited by Jamie R. Lead, Emma Smith

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910139767803321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Chichester, West Sussex, U.K. ; ; Hoboken, N.J., : Wiley, c2009
• ISBN: 1-282-27892-4; 9786612278921; 1-4443-0750-9; 1-4443-0749-5
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (461 p.)
• Altri autori (Persone): LeadJamie R; SmithEmma (Emma L.)
• Disciplina: 620.5; 620/.5
• Soggetti: Nanoparticles - Environmental aspects; Nanoparticles - Toxicology; Nanostructured materials - Environmental aspects; Nanostructured materials - Health aspects; Nanotechnology - Environmental aspects; Nanotechnology - Health aspects; Electronic books.
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Nanotechnology; Contents; Preface; Biographies; Contributors; 1: Overview of Nanoscience in the Environment; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 History; 1.3 Definitions; 1.4 Investment and International Efforts; 1.5 Development: Four Anticipated Generations; 1.6 Applications of Nanotechnology; 1.7 Potential Benefits of Nanotechnology; 1.7.1 Environmental; 1.7.2 Human Health; 1.8 Potential Adverse Effects of Nanomaterials; 1.8.1 Environmental; 1.8.2 Human Health; 1.9 Classification; 1.9.1 Chemistry; 1.9.2 Origin; 1.9.3 Size; 1.9.4 State; 1.10 Sources of Nanomaterials in the Environment1.11 Properties of Nanomaterials; 1.12 Nanomaterial Structure-Toxicity Relationship; 1.13 ; Environmental Fate and Behaviour of Nanomaterials; 1.13.1 Fate in Air; 1.13.2 Fate in Water; 1.13.3 Fate in Soil; 1.14 Potential for Human Exposure; 1.15 Detection and Characterization of Nanomaterials; 1.16 Issues to be Addressed; 1.16.1 Nomenclature; 1.16.2 Future Development and Risk; 1.16.3 Dosimetry; 1.16.4 Methods of Detection and Characterization; 1.16.5 Environmental Fate of Nanomaterials and their (Eco)Toxicology; 1.17 Conclusion; 1.18 References; 2: Nanomaterials: Properties, Preparation and Applications2.1 Overview; 2.2 Introduction; 2.3 Nanoparticle Architecture; 2.3.1 Nanoparticle Surface; 2.3.2 Charge Stabilisation; 2.3.3 Steric Stabilisation; 2.4 Particle Properties; 2.4.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance; 2.4.2 Catalysis; 2.4.3 Quantum Confinement; 2.4.4 Mechanical Performance; 2.4.5 Magnetic Properties; 2.4.6 Interfacial Properties; 2.4.7 Other Properties; 2.5 Nanoparticle Preparation; 2.5.1 The Challenges of Nanoparticle Synthesis: Scale Up; 2.5.2 Reactivity; 2.5.3 Dispersability; 2.5.4 Cost; 2.5.5 Methods: Natural Sources; 2.5.6 Top Down2.5.7 Bottom Up; 2.5.8 Metal Nanoparticles; 2.5.9 Carbon; 2.5.10 Graphene; 2.5.11 Carbon Black; 2.5.12 Inorganic Compounds; 2.5.13 Polymers; 2.6 Applications of Nanoparticles and Nanotechnology; 2.6.1 The Past; 2.6.2 The Present and Near Future; 2.7 Implication for Environmental Issues; 2.8 Conclusions; 2.9 References; 3: Size/Shape-Property Relationships of Non-Carbonaceous Inorganic Nanoparticles and their Environmental Implications; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Inorganic Nanoparticle Anatomy; 3.3 Redox Chemistry of Nanoparticles; 3.3.1 Photoredox Chemistry in Semiconductor Nanoparticles3.3.2 Redox Chemistry in Other Nanoparticle Systems; 3.4 Size Effects in Nanoparticle Sorption Processes; 3.5 Nanoparticle Fate: Dissolution and Solid State Cation Movement; 3.5.1 Basic Energetic and Kinetic Considerations of Nanoparticle Dissolution; 3.5.2 Effects of Nanoparticle Morphology; 3.5.3 Effects of Nanoparticle Coatings and External Substances; 3.5.4 Case Study: The Dissolution of Lead Sulfide Nanoparticles; 3.5.5 Solid State Cation Movement in Nanoparticles; 3.6 Effect of Nanoparticle Aggregation on Physical and Chemical Properties
• Sommario/riassunto: An increased understanding of the environmental and human health impacts of engineered nanoparticles is essential for the responsible development of nanotechnology and appropriate evidence-based policy and guidelines for risk assessment. Presenting the latest advances in the field from a variety of scientific disciplines, this book offers a comprehensive overview of this challenging, inter-disciplinary research area. Topics covered include:The properties, preparation and applications of nanomaterialsCharacterization and analysis of manufactured nanoparticlesThe fate and behav

Approaches to algebra : perspectives for research and teaching / / edited by N. Bednarz, C. Kieran, L. Lee

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910789204003321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Dordrecht : , : Springer Netherlands : , : Imprint : Springer, , 1996
• ISBN: 94-009-1732-5
• Edizione: [1st ed. 1996.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (xv, 348 pages)
• Collana: Mathematics Education Library
• Disciplina: 370
• Soggetti: Mathematics - Study and teaching
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: 1. Approaches to Algebra: Perspectives for Research and Teaching -- I. Historical Perspectives in the Development of Algebra -- 2. From Euclid to Descartes: Algebra and its Relation to Geometry -- 3. The Roles of Geometry and Arithmetic in the Development of Algebra: Historical Remarks from a Didactic Perspective -- 4. The Role of Problems and Problem Solving in the Development of Algebra -- II. A Generalization Perspective on the Introduction of Algebra -- 5. Expressing Generality and Roots of Algebra -- 6. An Initiation into Algebraic Culture through Generalization Activities -- 7. Some Reflections on Teaching Algebra through Generalization -- III. A Problem-Solving Perspective on the Introduction of Algebra -- 8. Emergence and Development of Algebra as a Problem-Solving Tool: Continuities and Discontinuities with Arithmetic -- 9. Developing Algebraic Aspects of Problem Solving within a Spreadsheet Environment -- 10. Rough or Smooth? The Transition from Arithmetic to Algebra in Problem Solving -- 11. Algebraic thought and the Role of a Manipulable Symbolic Language -- 12. Placement and Function of Problems in Algebraic Treatises from Diophantus to Viète -- 13. Problem-Solving Approaches to Algebra: Two Aspects -- 14. “When is a Problem?”: Questions from History and Classroom Practice in Algebra -- IV. A Modeling Perspective on the Introduction of Algebra -- 15. Mathematical Narratives, Modeling, and Algebra -- 16. Reflections on Mathematical Modeling and the Redefinition of Algebraic Thinking -- 17. Modeling and the Initiation into Algebra -- V. A Functional Perspective on the Introduction of ; Algebra -- 18. A Technology-Intensive Functional Approach to the Emergence of Algebraic Thinking -- 19. Introducing Algebra by Means of a Technology-Supported, Functional Approach -- 20. A Functional Approach to Algebra: Two Issues that Emerge -- VI. Synthesis and Directions for Future Research -- 21. Backwards and Forwards: Reflections on Different Approaches to Algebra -- References -- Author Affiliations.
• Sommario/riassunto: In Greek geometry, there is an arithmetic of magnitudes in which, in terms of numbers, only integers are involved. This theory of measure is limited to exact measure. Operations on magnitudes cannot be actually numerically calculated, except if those magnitudes are exactly measured by a certain unit. The theory of proportions does not have access to such operations. It cannot be seen as an "arithmetic" of ratios. Even if Euclidean geometry is done in a highly theoretical context, its axioms are essentially semantic. This is contrary to Mahoney's second characteristic. This cannot be said of the theory of proportions, which is less semantic. Only synthetic proofs are considered rigorous in Greek geometry. Arithmetic reasoning is also synthetic, going from the known to the unknown. Finally, analysis is an approach to geometrical problems that has some algebraic characteristics and involves a method for solving problems that is different from the arithmetical approach. 3. GEOMETRIC PROOFS OF ALGEBRAIC RULES Until the second half of the 19th century, Euclid's Elements was considered a model of a mathematical theory. This may be one reason why geometry was used by algebraists as a tool to demonstrate the accuracy of rules otherwise given as numerical algorithms. It may also be that geometry was one way to represent general reasoning without involving specific magnitudes. To go a bit deeper into this, here are three geometric proofs of algebraic rules, the frrst by Al-Khwarizmi, the other two by Cardano.