The global HIV epidemics among people who inject drugs / / / Arin Dutta ... [and others]

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910786091003321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Washington, DC : , : World Bank, , [2013]; copyright 2013
• ISBN: 1-283-90668-6; 0-8213-9777-X
• Descrizione fisica: pages ; ; cm
• Collana: Directions in development
• Altri autori (Persone): DuttaArindam <1976->
• Disciplina: 614.5/99392
• Soggetti: HIV infections - Epidemiology; Intravenous drug abuse
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: Cover; Contents; Acknowledgments; Abbreviations; Executive Summary; Boxes; ES.1 Why We Focus on the Four Key Interventions; Tables; ES.1 Incremental Cost-effectiveness Ratios (ICER) of Policies Spanning 2012-15, US per Adult HIV Infection Averted; Chapter 1 Background; Introduction-A Situation Update; 1.1 Estimated Numbers of PWID and Regional Prevalence of HIV among PWID, 2010; 1.1 Estimated Numbers of PWID Globally: Sources of Data; Global Coverage of the Four Key Interventions among PWID; 1.2 Numbers Reached by Key Harm Reduction Interventions among PWID Globally: Sources of Data; Map; 1.1 Global Availability of MAT, 2010 Effects of the Four Key Interventions among PWID in the Context of the HIV Epidemic; Evidence for NSP, MAT, and HCT Reducing Risk Behaviors among PWID; Evidence for the Impact of NSP, MAT, ART, and HCT on HIV Incidence among PWID; 1.2 Summary of Evidence for NSP, MAT, and HCT in Reducing Risk Behaviors and HIV Incidence among PWID in LMIC; Organization of this Report; Chapter 2 Methodology; Country Case Studies; Introduction to the Modeling Methodology; 2.1 Target Coverage Levels, from the Technical Guide; Figures; 2.1 Hypothetical "Unmet Need"-Difference between Baseline and Expanded Scenarios (NSP)2.2 Recent Use of Goals for World Bank GHAP Analytical Projects; 2.3 Certain Behavioral Inputs Needed for Goals ; Modeling Related to PWID; 2.4 PWID-Specific Unit Cost of Interventions per Year (Unless Specified); Modeling the Effect of Scaling Up the Four Key Harm Reduction Interventions; 2.5 Optimistic Impact Matrix of Three Key Harm Reduction Interventions for PWID; 2.6 Conservative Impact Matrix of Three Key Harm Reduction Interventions for PWID; 2.2 Pathways of Synergy and Dependence across the Four Key Harm Reduction Interventions Data; Chapter 3 Ukraine Case Study; Overview of the Epidemic; 3.1 Estimated Relative Contribution of Sexual and PWID-Based Transmission to Overall Non-Vertical HIV Incidence and Sources of Newly Registered HIV Cases, Including HIV-Exposed Infants (Mother-to-Child Transmission); Modeling Analysis; 3.2 Primary Drug for Individuals Presenting for Treatment of Drug Addiction for the First Time; 3.3 HIV-Positive Adults 15-49 Years Old in Ukraine From 1985-2011, as Modeled in Goals; 3.4 PWID Population Estimates in Ukraine from Goals Modeling (Adult PWID 15-49 Years Old) and UN Reference Group Range/Midpoint (All PWID 15-64 Years Old)3.1 Status Quo and Baseline Scenarios for Key Interventions among PWID in Ukraine; Results; 3.2 Expansion Scenario Coverage for the Four Key Interventions among PWID in Ukraine; 3.5 New HIV Infections among PWID in Ukraine-Comparison across Modeled Scenarios; 3.3 Averted HIV Infections Among Adults 15-49 Years Old in Ukraine, by Modeled Scenario; 3.4 Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratios, US per Averted Adult Infection, Ukraine; Discussion; 3.6 Overall ICER for Ukraine Scenarios 2012-15: Median, 95 Percent CI
• Sommario/riassunto: People who inject drugs (PWID) are at higher risk for acquiring HIV infection than the general population in many countries. Injecting drug use is present in 148 countries including a wide array of low and middle income countries where HIV incidence is growing in recent years - even as it declines elsewhere. This study was undertaken as the third of a series of three economic analyses examining the global epidemics of HIV/AIDS in vulnerable populations. Informed by a critical review of epidemiological evidence and the most recent analyses of intervention efficacy, this work modeled the costs

A Brief History of Mechanical Engineering / / by Uday Shanker Dixit, Manjuri Hazarika, J. Paulo Davim

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910254169503321
• Autore: Dixit Uday Shanker
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Cham : , : Springer International Publishing : , : Imprint : Springer, , 2017
• ISBN: 3-319-42916-7
• Edizione: [1st ed. 2017.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (XVI, 178 p. 22 illus., 1 illus. in color.)
• Collana: Materials Forming, Machining and Tribology, , 2195-0911
• Disciplina: 621
• Soggetti: Mechanical engineering; History; Technology; Engineering—Vocational guidance; Mechanical Engineering; History of Science; Popular Science in Technology; Job Careers in Science and Engineering
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: What is Mechanical Engineering -- Landmark Revolutionary Inventions in Mechanical Engineering -- History of Mechanics -- History of Thermodynamics -- Manufacturing -- Emergence of Production and Industrial Engineering -- History of Mechatronics -- Future of Mechanical Engineering.
• Sommario/riassunto: What is mechanical engineering? What a mechanical engineering does? How did the mechanical engineering change through ages? What is the future of mechanical engineering? This book answers these questions in a lucid manner. It also provides a brief chronological history of landmark events and answers questions such as: When was steam engine invented? Where was first CNC machine developed? When did the era of additive manufacturing start? When did the marriage of mechanical and electronics give birth to discipline of mechatronics? This book informs and create interest on mechanical engineering in the general public and particular in students. It also helps to sensitize the ; engineering fraternity about the historical aspects of engineering. At the same time, it provides a common sense knowledge of mechanical engineering in a handy manner.