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1. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910452652103321 |
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Titolo |
From groups to individuals [[electronic resource] ] : evolution and emerging individuality / / edited by Frederic Bouchard and Philippe Huneman |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Cambridge, Mass., : MIT Press, c2013 |
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ISBN |
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1-299-44321-4 |
0-262-31344-8 |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (289 p.) |
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Collana |
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Vienna series in theoretical biology |
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Altri autori (Persone) |
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BouchardFrederic <1975-> |
HunemanPhilippe |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Adaptation (Biology) |
Biology - Philosophy |
Group identity |
Individuality |
Organisms |
Electronic books. |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Note generali |
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Description based upon print version of record. |
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Nota di bibliografia |
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Includes bibliographical references and index. |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Cover; Contents; Series Foreword; Acknowledgments; Introduction; I ORGANISMS AND INDIVIDUALITY; 1 Darwinian Individuals; 2 Defining the Individual; 3 Species and Organisms: What Are the Problems?; 4 Immunity and the Emergence of Individuality; II ADAPTATION AND COMPLEX INDIVIDUALS; 5 Adaptation of Individuals and Groups; 6 The Unit of Adaptation, the Emergence of Individuality, and the Loss of Evolutionary Sovereignty; 7 Adaptations in Transitions: How to Make Sense of Adaptation When Beneficiaries Emerge Simultaneously with Benefits?; III GROUPS AND COLLECTIVES AS INDIVIDUALS |
8 Groups, Individuals, and the Emergence of Sociality: The Case of Division of Labor9 Colonies Are Individuals: Revisiting the Superorganism Revival; 10 Superorganisms and Superindividuality: The Emergence of Individuality in a Social Insect Assemblage; 11 What Is a Symbiotic Superindividual and How Do You Measure Its Fitness?; Contributors; Index |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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The biological and philosophical implications of the emergence of new collective individuals from associations of living beings.Our intuitive assumption that only organisms are the real individuals in the natural world is at odds with developments in cell biology, ecology, genetics, evolutionary biology, and other fields. Although organisms have served for centuries as nature's paradigmatic individuals, science suggests that organisms are only one of the many ways in which the natural world could be organized. When living beings work together--as in ant colonies, beehives, and bacteria-metazoan symbiosis--new collective individuals can emerge. In this book, leading scholars consider the biological and philosophical implications of the emergence of these new collective individuals from associations of living beings. The topics they consider range from metaphysical issues to biological research on natural selection, sociobiology, and symbiosis.The contributors investigate individuality and its relationship to evolution and the specific concept of organism; the tension between group evolution and individual adaptation; and the structure of collective individuals and the extent to which they can be defined by the same concept of individuality. These new perspectives on evolved individuality should trigger important revisions to both philosophical and biological conceptions of the individual.ContributorsFrederic Bouchard, Ellen Clarke, Jennifer Fewell, Andrew Gardner, Peter Godfrey-Smith, Charles J. Goodnight, Matt Haber, Andrew Hamilton, Philippe Huneman, Samir Okasha, Thomas Pradeu, Scott Turner, Minus van Baalen |
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2. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910138983003321 |
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Autore |
Bathias Jean-Claude |
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Titolo |
Fatigue limit in metals / / Claude Bathias |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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London, England ; ; Hoboken, New Jersey : , : ISTE Ltd : , : John Wiley & Sons, , 2014 |
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©2014 |
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ISBN |
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1-118-64870-6 |
1-118-64872-2 |
1-118-64871-4 |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (124 p.) |
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Collana |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Note generali |
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Description based upon print version of record. |
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Nota di bibliografia |
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Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index. |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Cover; Title Page ; Contents; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ON VERY HIGH CYCLE FATIGUE; 1.1. Fatigue limit, endurance limit and fatigue strength; 1.2. Absence of an asymptote on the SN curve; 1.3. Initiation and propagation; 1.4. Fatigue limit or fatigue strength; 1.5. SN curves up to 109 cycles; 1.6. Deterministic prediction of the gigacycle fatigue strength; 1.7. Gigacycle fatigue of alloys without flaws; 1.8. Initiation mechanisms at 109 cycles; 1.9. Conclusion; 1.10. Bibliography; CHAPTER 2. PLASTICITY AND INITIATION IN GIGACYCLE FATIGUE |
2.1. Evolution of the initiation site from LCF to GCF2.2. Fish-eye growth; 2.2.1. Fracture surface analysis; 2.2.2. Plasticity in the GCF regime; 2.3. Stresses and crack tip intensity factors around spherical and cylindrical voids and inclusions; 2.3.1. Spherical cavities and inclusions; 2.3.2. Spherical inclusion; 2.3.3. Mismatched inclusion larger than the spherical cavity it occupies; 2.3.4. Cylindrical cavities and inclusions; 2.3.5. Cracking from a hemispherical surface void |
2.3.6. Crack tip stress intensity factors for cylindrical inclusions with misfit in both size and material properties2.4. Estimation of the fish-eye formation from the Paris-Hertzberg law; 2.4.1. ""Short crack"" number of cycles; 2.4.2. ""Long crack"" number of cycles; 2.4.3. ""Below |
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threshold"" number of cycles; 2.5. Example of fish-eye formation in a bearing steel; 2.6. Fish-eye formation at the microscopic level; 2.6.1. Dark area observations; 2.6.2. ""Penny-shaped area"" observations; 2.6.3. Fracture surface with large radial ridges; 2.6.4. Identification of the models; 2.6.5. Conclusion |
2.7. Instability of microstructure in very high cycle fatigue (VHCF)2.8. Industrial practical case: damage tolerance at 109 cycles; 2.8.1. Fatigue threshold in N18; 2.8.2. Fatigue crack initiation of N18 alloy; 2.8.3. Mechanisms of the GCF of N18 alloy; 2.9. Bibliography; CHAPTER 3. HEATING DISSIPATION IN THE GIGACYCLE REGIME; 3.1. Temperature increase at 20 kHz; 3.2. Detection of fish-eye formation; 3.3. Experimental verification of Nf by thermal dissipation; 3.4. Relation between thermal energy and cyclic plastic energy |
3.5. Effect of metallurgical instability at the yield point in ultrasonic fatigue3.6. Gigacycle fatigue of pure metals; 3.6.1. Microplasticity in the ferrite; 3.6.2. Effect of gigacycle fatigue loading on the yield stress in Armco iron; 3.6.3. Temperature measurement on Armco iron; 3.6.4. Intrinsic thermal dissipation in Armco iron; 3.6.5. Analysis of surface fatigue crack on iron; 3.7. Conclusion; 3.8. Bibliography; INDEX |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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Is there a fatigue limit in metals? This question is the main focus of this book.<br /> Written by a leading researcher in the field, Claude Bathias presents a thorough and authoritative examination of the coupling between plasticity, crack initiation and heat dissipation for lifetimes that exceed the billion cycle, leading us to question the concept of the fatigue limit, both theoretically and technologically.<br /> This is a follow-up to the Fatigue of Materials and Structures series of books previously published in 2011.<br /> Contents 1. Introduction on Very High Cycle Fatigue.<br /> 2. |
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3. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910783958503321 |
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Autore |
Leitzel Jim. |
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Titolo |
The political economy of rule evasion and policy reform / / Jim Leitzel |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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London ; ; New York : , : Routledge, , 2003 |
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ISBN |
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1-134-45797-9 |
0-429-22981-X |
0-203-21711-X |
1-134-45798-7 |
1-280-18206-7 |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (220 p.) |
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Collana |
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Routledge frontiers of political economy ; ; 45 |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Civil disobedience |
Illegality |
Policy sciences |
Law and economics |
Public policy (Law) |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Note generali |
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Description based upon print version of record. |
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Nota di bibliografia |
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Includes bibliographical references (p. [181]-195) and index. |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Book Cover; Title; Contents; Acknowledgments; Introduction; Rules and their circumvention; Evasion; Zero tolerance; Avoidance, futility, and reform; Preventive and punitive controls; Corruption; Evasion and the demise of the Soviet Union; Gun control; Conclusions; Notes; Bibliography; Index |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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The Political Economy of Rule Evasion and Policy Reform develops the logic underlying the connections between breaking the rules and making the rules. Approaching policy issues from the point of view of rule circumvention provides a perspective that illuminates a wide variety of phenomena:* implicit tolerance of extensive illegal behaviour, treadmills of reform, delays of major policy changes* the complexity of rules* potential for perverse outcomes from policy reforms* corruption of enforcers* trade-offs between a rule-based and a discretionary policy. This gr |
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