At present, the expansion of tetherless communications is a technological trend surpassed perhaps only by the explosive growth of the Internet. Wireless systems are being deployed today mainly for telephony, satisfying the ind- trialized nations’ appetite for talk-on-the-go, and providing much-needed communications infrastructure in developing countries. The desire for wi- less access to the Internet is starting to add fuel to the growth of tetherless communications. Indeed, the synergy of wireless and Internet technologies will lead to a host of exciting new applications, some of which are not yet envisioned. Future-generation wireless systems will achieve capacities much higher than the systems of today by incorporating myriad improvements. These in- vations include transmission in higher-frequency bands, “smart antennas”, multi-user detection, new forward error-correction techniques, and advanced network resource-allocation techniques. The term “smart antenna” usually refers to the deployment |