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Record Nr. |
UNINA9910777572703321 |
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Autore |
Ackerman Susan |
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Titolo |
When heroes love : the ambiguity of eros in the stories of Gilgamesh and David / / Susan Ackerman |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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New York : , : Columbia University Press, , 2005 |
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ISBN |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (xvi, 353 pages) |
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Collana |
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Gender, theory, and religion |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Homosexuality in literature |
Homosexuality in the Bible |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Nota di bibliografia |
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Includes bibliographical references (p. 301-326) and indexes. |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Front matter -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Prologue -- 1. Of Greeting Cards and Methods: Understanding Ancient Near Eastern Sex -- The Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh -- 2. Introducing Gilgamesh -- 3. Gilgamesh and Enkidu -- 4. The Liminal Hero, Part 1 -- 5. The Liminal Hero, Part 2 -- The Biblical Story of David and Jonathan -- 6. Introducing David -- 7. David and Jonathan -- 8. Liminality and Beyond -- Epilogue -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- Citation Index |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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Toward the end of the Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh King Gilgamesh laments the untimely death of his comrade Enkidu, "my friend whom I loved dearly." Similarly in the Bible, David mourns his companion, Jonathan, whose "love to me was wonderful, greater than the love of women." These passages, along with other ambiguous erotic and sexual language found in the Gilgamesh epic and the biblical David story, have become the object of numerous and competing scholarly inquiries into the sexual nature of the heroes' relationships. Susan Ackerman's innovative work carefully examines the stories' sexual and homoerotic language and suggests that its ambiguity provides new ways of understanding ideas of gender and sexuality in the ancient Near East and its literature. In exploring the stories of Gilgamesh and Enkidu and David and Jonathan, Ackerman cautions against applying modern conceptions of homosexuality to these relationships. Drawing on historical and literary criticism, Ackerman's close readings analyze the stories of David and Gilgamesh in light of contemporary definitions |
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of sexual relationships and gender roles. She argues that these male relationships cannot be taken as same-sex partnerships in the modern sense, but reflect the ancient understanding of gender roles, whether in same- or opposite-sex relationships, as defined as either active (male) or passive (female). Her interpretation also considers the heroes' erotic and sexual interactions with members of the opposite sex. Ackerman shows that the texts' language and erotic imagery suggest more than just an intense male bonding. She argues that, though ambiguous, the erotic imagery and language have a critical function in the texts and serve the political, religious, and aesthetic aims of the narrators. More precisely, the erotic language in the story of David seeks to feminize Jonathan and thus invalidate his claim to Israel's throne in favor of David. In the case of Gilgamesh and Enkidu, whose egalitarian relationship is paradoxically described using the hierarchically dependent language of sexual relationships, the ambiguous erotic language reinforces their status as liminal figures and heroes in the epic tradition. |
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2. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910966739603321 |
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Autore |
Dymond Andrew <1947-> |
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Titolo |
Telecommunications challenges in developing countries : asymmetric interconnection charges for rural areas / / Andrew Dymond |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Washington, DC, : World Bank, 2004 |
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ISBN |
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1-280-08480-4 |
9786610084807 |
1-4175-0133-2 |
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Edizione |
[1st ed.] |
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Descrizione fisica |
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ix, 39 pages : illustrations ; ; 26 cm |
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Collana |
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World Bank working paper ; ; no. 27 |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Telephone - Developing countries |
Telephone - Rates - Developing countries |
Telecommunication - Developing countries |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Note generali |
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Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph |
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Nota di bibliografia |
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Includes bibliographical references. |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Intro -- CONTENTS -- Acknowledgments -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- 1. Introduction -- General -- The Starting Hypothesis -- The Challenges -- 2. Basic concepts -- Interconnection: Operator-to-Operator Payments -- Who Pays the Additional Charges for Asymmetric Interconnection? -- Types of Interoperator Financial Interconnection Arrangements -- Theoretical Justification for Asymmetric Interconnection -- Operator Investment Incentive -- 3. Country Experience and Precedents -- Fixed Network Precedents -- The Precedent of Fixed-Mobile Asymmetrical Interconnection -- 4. Main Issues Related to Networks and Costs -- What Networks Could be Considered for Asymmetric Interconnection? -- Should Asymmetric Interconnection Apply to Fixed and Mobile Operators? -- Could Asymmetric Interconnection Distort Investment Patterns? -- Does Implementation Require a Detailed Cost Study First? -- Should Asymmetric Interconnection Reflect or Follow Peak/Discount Rates? -- 5. Tariff Regulation Related to Asymmetric Interconnection -- In Favor of Revision to "Calling Party Pays" -- Counterarguments -- Additional Issues to Consider -- Would Asymmetric Termination Charges Create Undesirable Arbitrage? -- Rate Postalization -- Conclusion on Tariffs -- Downstream Beneficiaries-Should They be Regulated or Licensed? -- 6. Numbering and Billing Issues -- What Prerequisite Changes in the Numbering Plan are Required -- What Modifications to Intercarrier Billing Would be Required? -- 7. Relating De-averaged Interconnection to Universal Access Policy -- Comparison of North American and Chilean Financial Models -- Conclusion -- 8. Summary and Next Step -- Study Outcome -- Next Step -- References -- FIGURES -- Figure 1 -- Figure 2 -- Figure 3 -- TABLES -- Table 1. Is Rural Network Investment Incentive Created -- Table 2. Chile, Access Rates. |
Table 3. Mobile-based Public Access Projects. |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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Rural telecommunications are usually believed to be unprofitable and therefore chronically under-invested. The author challenges this view and sets out to present reasons why regulators should consider implementing fairer cost-based interconnection arrangements between urban and rural network operators, which could significantly improve the business case for rural network operators. Specifically, a regime of geographically de-averaged asymmetric termination charges that reflect the higher costs rural operators face is proposed. A wide range of related issues are investigated before the author concludes that asymmetric termination charges could be implemented practically. |
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