| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910743342303321 |
|
|
Titolo |
Soils in urban ecosystem / / edited by Amitava Rakshit, [and four others] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pubbl/distr/stampa |
|
|
Singapore : , : Springer, , [2022] |
|
©2022 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ISBN |
|
981-16-8913-X |
981-16-8914-8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Descrizione fisica |
|
1 online resource (336 pages) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Disciplina |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Soggetti |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lingua di pubblicazione |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
|
|
|
|
|
Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
|
|
|
|
|
Nota di bibliografia |
|
Includes bibliographical references. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nota di contenuto |
|
Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I: Urban Soils-Basics -- 1: Urban Soil: A Review on Historical Perspective -- 1.1 Introduction and History of the Urban Soil Terminology -- 1.2 Historical Overview of Research and Development of Urban Soil Across the Globe -- 1.3 Future Prospects in Urban/Anthropogenic Soil Research -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- 2: Classification and Functional Characteristics of Urban Soil -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Urban Soil Formation Frameworks -- 2.3 Taxonomic Categorization of Urban Soils -- 2.4 Categorization of Urban Soils Under World Reference Base for Soil Resources -- 2.5 Altered Characteristics of Urban Soils -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Characteristics and Functions of Urban Soils -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Classification of Urban Soils -- 3.3 Urban Soil Characteristics -- 3.3.1 Higher Contents of Carbon, Nutrients and Contaminants -- 3.3.2 Higher pH Values -- 3.3.3 Higher Soil Bulk Densities -- 3.3.4 Characteristics of Soil Structure -- 3.3.5 High Content of Artefacts -- 3.4 Urban Soil Functions -- 3.4.1 Water and Climate Regulation -- 3.4.2 Filter and Buffer Function -- 3.4.3 Nutrient Cycling, Carbon Storage and Biomass Production -- 3.4.4 Urban Soil as Habitat for Above- and Belowground Biota -- 3.4.5 Archive, Cultural and Recreation Functions -- 3.4.6 Carrier and Medium for Engineering -- 3.5 Summary -- References -- 4: Urban Soil Microbiome Functions and |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Their Linkages with Ecosystem Services -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Climate Regulation -- 4.2.1 Thermal -- 4.2.2 Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) -- 4.2.3 Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling -- 4.2.4 Water -- 4.3 Pollution Control -- 4.3.1 Metal Decontamination -- 4.3.2 Hydrocarbon Biodegradation -- 4.4 Above-Below-Ground Processes -- 4.4.1 Soil Health -- 4.4.2 Urban Agriculture -- 4.5 Cultural Services -- References. |
5: Urban Soil Carbon: Processes and Patterns -- 5.1 Introduction: Function and Value of Urban Soil Carbon -- 5.2 Processes of Urban Soil Carbon -- 5.2.1 Regulation of SOC Accumulation Through OM Input and Decomposition -- 5.2.2 Effects of Urban Soil Structure -- 5.2.3 Effects of Urbanized Climate -- 5.2.4 Effects of Chemical, Physical, and Biological Stresses on SOC -- 5.2.5 Effects of Urban Soil Management -- 5.2.6 Direct and Indirect Drivers on Urban SOC Dynamics -- 5.2.7 Climate Change Mitigation Through Soil Inorganic Carbon Present in Urban Soils -- 5.3 Patterns of Urban Soil Carbon -- 5.3.1 Meta-Analysis of the Urban SOC -- 5.3.2 SOC Density of Urban Soils -- 5.3.3 SOC Change in Response to Urbanization -- 5.3.4 SOC Accumulation Potential -- 5.3.5 Suggestions for Further Studies on Urban Soils -- 5.4 Conclusion: Climate-Smart Urban Soil Management -- Appendix -- References -- 6: Nitrogen Cycling Processes in Urban Soils: Stocks, Fluxes, and Microbial Transformations -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Factors of the Urban Environment -- 6.2.1 Physical Factors -- 6.2.1.1 Increased Pressure on the Soil Surface -- 6.2.1.2 Soil Sealing -- 6.2.1.3 Mechanical Soil Removal -- 6.2.1.4 Heat Island Effect -- 6.2.1.5 Increased Presence of Impermeable Soil Surfaces and the Compaction of Soil Plots -- 6.2.1.6 Contamination by Construction and Industrial Waste -- 6.2.1.7 Contamination with Household Waste -- 6.2.2 Chemical Factors -- 6.2.3 Biological Factors -- 6.2.3.1 Fecal Contamination -- 6.2.3.2 Increase in the Number of Invasive Species -- 6.3 The Influence of the Urban Environment on the Microbiological Transformation of Nitrogen -- 6.3.1 The Influence of Physical Factors on Nitrogen Transformations -- 6.3.1.1 Soil Sealing, Compaction, and Overwetting -- 6.3.1.2 Heat Island Effect -- 6.3.2 The Influence of Chemical Factors on Nitrogen Transformations. |
6.3.2.1 pH Changes -- 6.3.2.2 Changes in C/N Ratio -- 6.3.2.3 The Entering of Additional Sources of Nitrogen and Fertilization -- 6.3.2.4 Contamination with Heavy Metals -- 6.3.2.5 Contamination with Hydrocarbons -- 6.3.3 The Influence of Biological Factors on Nitrogen Transformations -- 6.3.3.1 Vegetation Cover -- 6.3.3.2 Earthworms -- 6.3.4 The Influence of Nitrogen Cycle Alteration on the Urban Environment -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- 7: Urban Soils and Their Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Management of Urban Greenery -- 7.2.1 Urban Green Space Planning and Strategies -- 7.2.2 Use of GIS in Urban Planning -- 7.2.3 Sustainable Landscape Management -- 7.2.4 Sustainable Agroecosystems -- 7.2.4.1 Zero Tillage -- 7.2.4.2 Crop Rotations -- 7.2.4.3 Cover Cropping -- 7.3 Application of Compost -- 7.3.1 Enhancement of Soil Organic Matter Contents -- 7.3.2 Improvement in Soil Water Holding Capacity -- 7.3.3 Increase in Soil Nutrient Level -- 7.3.4 Cation Exchange Capacity and Soil pH -- 7.3.5 Impact on Soil Biological Properties -- 7.4 Application of Mulch -- 7.5 Soil Conservation -- 7.5.1 Benefits of Soil Conservation -- 7.6 Soil Conservation Practices -- 7.6.1 Conservation Tillage -- 7.6.2 Contour Farming -- 7.6.3 Strip Cropping -- 7.6.4 Buffer Strips -- 7.6.5 Windbreaks -- 7.6.6 Grass Waterways -- 7.7 Soil Amendment and Engineered Soils -- 7.7.1 Vermicomposting -- 7.7.2 Soil Organic Carbon -- 7.7.3 Microorganism and Soil Enzymes -- 7.8 Conclusion -- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
References -- Part II: Concepts and Technologies of Soil Quality and Functional Monitoring -- 8: Soil Quality: Concepts, Importance, Indicators, and Measurement -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Concepts Related to Soil Evaluation -- 8.1.2 Linking Soil Quality to Soil Functions and Ecosystem Services -- 8.2 Soil Quality Evaluation. |
8.2.1 Determine Objectives Assessing Soil Quality Goals -- 8.2.2 Urban Soil Quality -- 8.2.3 Soil Quality Indicators (SQI) -- 8.2.3.1 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Attributes -- 8.2.3.2 Choosing Indicators -- 8.2.3.3 Novel Soil Quality Indicators -- 8.2.4 Methods for Selecting a Minimum Dataset -- 8.2.5 Deriving a Soil Quality Index -- 8.3 Soil Quality Standards (SQS) -- 8.3.1 The Limits of Contaminants in Habitat and Agricultural Soils -- 8.3.2 Standardization -- 8.4 Conclusions -- References -- 9: Digital Soil Map: An Applied Tool to Determine Land-Use Alterations -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 History of DSM -- 9.1.2 What Constitutes DSM -- 9.1.3 The Importance of DSM for Urban Areas -- 9.2 Environmental Covariates and Soil Data Collection -- 9.2.1 Collection of Soil Data -- 9.2.2 Environmental Covariates -- 9.2.2.1 Soil Properties -- 9.2.2.2 Climate -- 9.2.2.3 Organisms -- 9.2.2.4 Relief or Topography -- 9.2.2.5 Parent Material -- 9.2.2.6 Relative Position -- 9.2.2.7 Time or Age -- 9.2.3 Ecological and Environmental Covariates for Suitable Location Urban Areas -- 9.3 Acquiring Data -- 9.3.1 Soil Sensors -- 9.3.2 Remote Sensing -- 9.4 Soil Inference Systems -- 9.4.1 Selection of Appropriate Predictors -- 9.4.1.1 Supervised Covariate Selection Methods -- 9.4.1.2 Unsupervised Covariate Selection Methods -- 9.4.2 Homosoil -- 9.4.3 Predictive Models of Variables -- 9.5 Quality Assessments -- 9.5.1 Prediction Accuracy -- 9.5.2 Prediction Uncertainty -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- 10: Soil Conservation Using Mechanical and Non-mechanical Methods -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Urban Soil Ecosystems -- 10.3 Soil Erosion and Erosion Causing Agents -- 10.3.1 Temperature -- 10.3.2 Wind -- 10.3.3 Rain -- 10.3.4 Land Slope -- 10.3.5 Living Things -- 10.3.6 Vegetation -- 10.4 Water Erosion -- 10.4.1 Raindrop Erosion (Splash Erosion). |
10.4.2 Raindrop Erosion, Rill Erosion, Interrill Erosion, Gully Erosion, Tunnel Erosion and Stream Bank Erosion -- 10.4.3 Interrill Erosion -- 10.4.4 Gully Erosion -- 10.4.5 Tunnel Erosion -- 10.4.6 Stream Bank Erosion -- 10.5 Wind Erosion -- 10.5.1 Saltation -- 10.5.2 Surface Creep -- 10.5.3 Suspension -- 10.6 Soil Conservation -- 10.6.1 Non-mechanical Conservation -- 10.6.1.1 Proper Land Management -- 10.6.1.2 Soil Management -- 10.6.1.3 Agronomic Managements -- Cover Cropping -- Crop Rotation -- Contour Farming -- Strip Cropping -- 10.6.2 Mechanical Conservation -- 10.6.2.1 Terraces -- 10.6.2.2 Banquettes -- 10.6.3 Wind Conservation -- 10.6.4 Urban Soil Conversation -- 10.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- 11: Proximal Sensing of Soil Pollution by Heavy Metals Using a Portable X-ray Fluorescence Analyzer in Subarctic Industrial Ba... -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Site -- 11.2.2 Soil Sampling and Field Analyses -- 11.2.3 Lab Analyses -- 11.2.4 Statistical Analyses -- 11.3 Results -- 11.3.1 Soil Pollution Assessment by pXRF in the Field -- 11.3.2 The Effect of Sample Preparation Methods on pXRF Measurement Results -- 11.3.3 Soil Properties -- 11.3.4 Calibration of pXRF Readings for Different Soil Types -- 11.4 Discussion -- 11.4.1 The Effect of Soil Types and Sample Preparation on the pXRF Results -- 11.4.2 Implications and Limitations of pXRF for Soil Pollution Assessment -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Urban Soil Case Studies -- 12: Urban Smart Sustainability in Tehran: LIPSOR Approach for Transformation -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Smart Sustainable City -- 12.3 Futures Studies -- 12.4 The LIPSOR |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Approach -- 12.5 Case Study Location -- 12.6 Implementation of LIPSOR Model -- 12.6.1 Correlated Scenarios -- 12.7 Conclusion -- References. |
13: Soil Mapping System and Assessment of Ecologically Sensitive Areas in Cities. |
|
|
|
|
|
| |