Approach to lower limb oedema / / Satyendra K. Tiwary, editor

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910743234803321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Gateway East, Singapore : , : Springer, , [2022]; ©2022
• ISBN: 981-16-6205-3; 981-16-6206-1
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (346 pages)
• Disciplina: 616.047
• Soggetti: Orthopedic surgery; Leg - Abnormalities; Edema; Cama; Cirurgia ortopèdica; Llibres electrònics
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Foreword -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- 1: Introduction of Lower Limb Edema -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Introduction -- 1.3 Etiology and Classification -- 1.4 Pathophysiology -- 1.5 Diagnosis -- 1.6 Management and Outcome -- 1.7 Deep Vein Thrombosis -- 1.8 Lymphedema -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- 2: Anatomy of Lower Limb -- 2.1 Anatomy of Venous System of the Lower Extremity -- 2.2 Embryological Development of Veins of the Lower Extremity: Clinical Aspects of Atypical Anatomy -- 2.3 Anatomical Routes Connecting Pelvic Veins with Those of the Lower Extremity -- 2.4 Anatomy of Lymphatic System of Lower Extremity -- References -- 3: Physiological Basis of Lower Limb Edema -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Architecture of Microcirculation Unit -- 3.3 Myogenic Autoregulation of Capillary Microcirculation -- 3.4 Capillary Endothelium as Regulator of Microcirculation -- 3.5 Transcapillary Exchange Across Endothelium -- 3.6 Diffusion Across Capillary Endothelium -- 3.7 Capillary Filtration as Regulated by Pressure Gradients -- 3.8 Lymphatic Circulation -- 3.9 Pathophysiology ; of Edema -- 3.10 Thermodynamical Considerations in Edema Therapeutics -- 3.11 Various Physiological Conditions Affecting Edema Formation -- 3.11.1 Effect of Gravity -- 3.11.2 Effect of Diet and Nutrition -- 3.11.3 Effect of Physical Activity and Posture -- 3.11.4 Edema in Pregnancy -- 3.11.5 Effect of Altitude Changes -- 3.12 Pathological Conditions Presenting with Edema -- 3.12.1 Heart Failure -- 3.12.2 Hepatic Cirrhosis -- 3.12.3 Constrictive Pericarditis and Restrictive Cardiomyopathy -- 3.12.4 Renal Diseases -- 3.12.5 Medications -- 3.12.6 Thyroid Disease -- 3.12.7 Lymphatic Obstruction -- 3.12.8 Venous Incompetence or Deep Vein Thrombosis -- 3.12.9 Dermatitis and Lipedema -- 3.13 Conclusion -- References.; 4: Aetiopathogenesis in Lower Limb Oedema -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Pathogenesis -- 4.3 Starling Forces -- 4.4 Etiology -- 4.5 Heart Diseases -- 4.6 Liver Diseases -- 4.7 Renal Diseases -- 4.8 Venous (or Lymphatic) Drainage Obstruction -- 4.9 Deep Vein Thrombosis -- 4.10 Chronic Vein Insufficiency -- 4.11 Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy -- 4.12 Lymphedema -- 4.13 Inflammatory Edema -- 4.14 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 5: Clinical Examination in Lower Limb Edema -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Clinical History -- 5.3 Physical Examination -- 5.3.1 Distribution -- 5.3.2 Tenderness -- 5.3.3 Pitting -- 5.3.4 Skin changes -- 5.4 Diagnostic Studies -- 5.4.1 Laboratory Tests -- 5.4.2 Noninvasive Quantitative Methods to Assess Lower Limb Edema -- 5.4.3 Water Displacement (Volume Measurements) [16] -- 5.4.4 Perometer [17] -- 5.4.5 Circumferential Method (with a Tape Measure) [18] -- 5.4.6 Bioimpedance (BIA) -- References -- 6: Investigations of Lower Limb Edema -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Static Leg Circumference Measurements -- 6.3 Static Leg Volume Measurements -- 6.4 Water Displacement Volumetry (WDV) -- 6.5 The "Truncated Cone" -- 6.6 Optoelectronic Systems -- 6.7 Dynamic Volume Measurements -- 6.8 Techniques for the Qualitative Evaluation of Leg Edema -- 6.9 Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Leg Imaging -- 6.10 Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry -- 6.11 Ultrasonography -- References -- 7: Differential Diagnosis of Lower Extremity Oedema -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Brief Details of Common Causes -- 7.2.1 DVT and Chronic Venous Disease -- 7.2.2 Cellulitis -- 7.2.3 Lymphedema -- 7.2.3.1 Primary Lymphedema -- 7.2.3.2 Secondary Lymphedema -- 7.2.4 Lipedema -- 7.2.5 Postoperative Swelling -- 7.2.6 Compartment Syndrome -- 7.2.7 Systemic Diseases -- 7.2.8 Venous Malformation -- 7.3 Summary -- References.; 8: Complications of Lower Limb Edema -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Complications of Lower Limb Edema -- 8.2.1 Pain -- 8.2.2 Superficial Thrombophlebitis -- 8.2.2.1 Investigations -- 8.2.2.2 Management -- 8.2.2.3 Complications -- 8.2.3 Dermatitis -- 8.2.3.1 Investigations -- 8.2.3.2 Treatment -- 8.2.4 Lipodermatosclerosis -- 8.2.4.1 Investigations -- 8.2.4.2 Treatment -- 8.2.5 Atrophic Blanche -- 8.2.5.1 Investigations -- 8.2.5.2 Management -- 8.2.6 Venous Ulcer -- 8.2.6.1 Pathogenesis -- 8.2.6.2 Investigations -- 8.2.6.3 Management -- 8.2.7 Cellulitis -- 8.2.7.1 Investigations -- 8.2.7.2 Treatment -- 8.2.8 Lymphangiosarcoma -- 8.2.8.1 Clinical Presentation -- 8.2.8.2 Pathogenesis -- 8.2.8.3 Investigations -- 8.2.8.4 Management -- References -- 9: Chronic Lower Limb Edema -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Pathophysiology -- 9.3 Classification -- 9.4 Assessment of Edema -- 9.4.1 Diagnostic Studies -- 9.5 Therapeutic Options -- 9.5.1 Conservative and Skin Care Treatment -- 9.5.2 Compression Therapy -- 9.5.3 Types of Compression -- 9.5.3.1 Hosiery -- 9.5.3.2 Bandages -- 9.5.3.3 Intermittent Pneumatic Compression [IPC] -- 9.5.4 Exercise and Positional Therapy -- 9.6 ; Surgical Management of the Swollen Lower Limb -- 9.7 Common Causes of Leg Edema -- 9.7.1 Lymphedema -- 9.7.2 Varicose Vein -- 9.7.3 CEAP Classification: C (Clinical Component) -- 9.7.4 Deep Vein Thrombosis -- 9.8 Filariasis -- 9.8.1 Lymphatic Filariasis -- 9.8.2 Cellulitis -- 9.9 Summary and Recommendations -- References -- 10: DEEP Vein Thrombosis -- 10.1 Definition of Deep Vein Thrombosis -- 10.2 History of Deep Vein Thrombosis -- 10.3 Epidemiology of Deep Vein Thrombosis -- 10.4 Pathophysiology of Deep Vein Thrombosis: Mechanism and Pathology -- 10.5 Sites of Deep Vein Thrombosis -- 10.6 Pathology of the Edema of Deep Vein Thrombosis.; 10.7 Risk Factors Associated with Deep Vein Thrombosis -- 10.8 Diagnosis of Deep Vein Thrombosis -- 10.9 D-Dimer -- 10.10 Ultrasound (US) -- 10.11 CT Venography -- 10.12 Magnetic Resonance Venography -- 10.13 Venography -- 10.14 Hematological Investigations -- 10.15 Treatment Strategies -- 10.16 Anticoagulation -- 10.17 Compression Therapy -- 10.18 Thrombolysis and Thrombectomy -- 10.19 Surgical Treatment of Chronic Lower Extremity DVT -- References -- 11: Chronic Venous Insufficiency -- 11.1 Introduction and Epidemiology -- 11.2 Anatomy and Physiology -- 11.3 Etiopathophysiology of Lower Leg Edema in CVI -- 11.4 Diagnosis of CVI in Patients Presenting with Lower Leg Edema -- 11.4.1 Deep Vein Thrombosis in the Context of CVI and Leg Edema -- 11.4.2 Investigations -- 11.5 Classification of CVI in the Context of Lower Limb Edema -- 11.6 Conservative Management -- 11.7 Operative Management -- 11.8 Management of Deep Vein Obstruction in the Context of Oedema -- References -- 12: Compression Stockings -- 12.1 History of Compression Therapy -- 12.2 Types of Compression Stockings and Devices -- 12.2.1 Pathophysiology -- 12.3 Mechanism -- 12.4 Safety -- 12.5 Fitting of Compression Stockings -- 12.6 Instructions to the Wearer -- 12.7 Considerations When Fitting and Supplying Compression Stockings -- 12.8 Compression Stockings: Fabrics and Design -- 12.8.1 Donning Aids -- 12.8.2 Indications for Compression Therapy -- 12.9 Thromboembolic Deterrent Stockings in the Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Thrombosis -- 12.10 Prevention of Post-Thrombotic Syndrome -- 12.11 Symptomatic Relief in Post-Thrombotic Syndrome -- 12.12 Symptomatic Relief in Acute DVT -- 12.13 Symptomatic Relief in Chronic Venous Disease -- 12.14 Treatment of Venous Ulceration -- 12.15 Treatment of Acute Leg Pain Post-Endovenous Ablation.; 12.16 Treatment of Lipedema -- 12.17 Treatment of Lymphedema -- 12.18 Adherence to Compression Stockings -- References -- 13: Imaging Assessment of Lower Limb Swelling -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Causes -- 13.3 Diagnostic Imaging Evaluation in Lower Limb Swelling -- 13.4 Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue -- 13.4.1 Cellulitis -- 13.5 Vascular Disorders (Venous System) -- 13.5.1 Deep Venous Thrombosis -- 13.5.2 Diagnosis of DVT -- 13.5.3 Normal Findings -- 13.6 Acute Superficial Thrombophlebitis -- 13.7 Chronic Venous Insufficiency -- 13.8 Technique of Examination -- 13.9 Muscular and Tendinous Disorder -- 13.9.1 Muscle Contusion or Hematoma -- 13.9.2 Muscle Strain and Tears -- 13.9.3 Tennis Leg -- 13.9.4 Calcific Myonecrosis -- 13.9.5 Pyomyositis -- 13.9.6 Tenosynovitis -- 13.10 Osseous and Joint Space Related -- 13.10.1 Baker's Cyst -- 13.11 Joint Effusion and Septic Arthritis -- 13.12 Miscellaneous Causes -- 13.13 Summary -- References -- 14: Genetic Association in Lower Limb Swelling -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Edema of Both Legs -- 14.3 Edema of One Leg -- 14.4 Edema of One or Both Legs -- 14.4.1 Chronic Venous Insufficiency -- 14.4.2 Varicose Veins -- 14.4.3 Post-Thrombotic Syndrome (PTS) -- 14.4.4 Lymphedema -- ; 14.4.5 Milroy's Primary Congenital Lymphedema -- 14.4.6 Meige Disease -- 14.4.7 Hereditary Angioedema (HAE) -- 14.4.8 Erythromelalgia -- 14.5 Conclusion -- References -- 15: Vascular Malformations and Edema -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Type of Defects -- 15.2.1 Venous Defects (VM) -- 15.2.2 Arteriovenous Malformations (AVM) -- 15.2.3 Lymphatic Malformations (LM) -- 15.3 Pathology and Clinical Picture -- 15.4 Hemodynamics of Vascular Malformations of the Lower Limbs -- 15.5 Symptomatology -- 15.6 Clinical Picture of Edema in CVM -- 15.7 Diagnosis -- 15.8 Treatment -- 15.9 Conclusion.; References.