Just trade [[electronic resource] ] : a new covenant linking trade and human rights / / Berta Esperanza Hernández-Truyol and Stephen J. Powell

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910780604503321
• Autore: Hernández-Truyol Berta Esperanza
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: New York, : New York University Press, c2009
• ISBN: 0-8147-9086-0; 0-8147-3744-7
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (409 p.)
• Altri autori (Persone): PowellStephen J. <1942->
• Disciplina: 341.4/8
• Soggetti: Human rights - Economic aspects; Foreign trade regulation - Political aspects; International trade - Social aspects
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references (p. 299-366) and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Acronyms -- Getting Started -- 1 Global Concepts -- 2 Pillars and Escape Hatches -- 3 Global Laws, Local Lives -- 4 Splendid Isolation’s Progeny -- 5 Who Belongs, Who Rules -- 6 Ecosystem Degradation and Economic Growth -- 7 Not Just a Question of Capital -- 8 Exploitation or Progress? -- 9 Human Bondage -- 10 Bebel Redux -- 11 First Peoples First -- 12 From Excess to Despair -- 13 Freedom from Famine and Fear -- 14 Imperial Rules -- 15 Recognizing Indivisibility, Bridging Divides -- Notes -- Index -- About the Authors
• Sommario/riassunto: Documents Annex: http://www.nyupress.org/justtradeannex/index.htmlWhile modern trade law and human rights law constitute two of the most active spheres in international law, follow similar intellectual trajectories, and often feature the same key actors and arenas, neither field has actively engaged with the other. They co-exist in relative isolation at best, peppered by occasional hostile debates. It has come to be a given that pro-trade laws are not good for human rights, and legislation that protects human rights hampers vibrant international trade.In a bold departure from this canon, Just Trade makes a case for reaching a middle-ground between these two fields, acknowledging ; their co-existence and the significant points at which they overlap. Using examples from many of the 35 nations of the Western Hemisphere, Berta Esperanza Hernández-Truyol and Stephen J. Powell combine their expertise to examine human rights policies involving conscripted child labor, sustainable development, promotion of health, equality of women, human trafficking, indigenous peoples, poverty, citizenship, and economic sanctions, never overlooking the very real human rights problems that arise from international trade. However, instead of viewing the two kinds of law as polar and sometimes hostile opposites, the authors make powerful suggestions for how these intersections may be navigated to promote an international marketplace that embraces both liberal trade and liberal protection of human rights.

Advances in Digital Human Modeling : Proceedings of the 8th International Digital Human Modeling Symposium, 4-6 September 2023, Antwerp, Belgium / / edited by Sofia Scataglini, Gregor Harih, Wim Saeys, Steven Truijen

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910735396003321
• Autore: Scataglini Sofia
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Cham : , : Springer Nature Switzerland : , : Imprint : Springer, , 2023
• ISBN: 9783031378485; 3031378482
• Edizione: [1st ed. 2023.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (312 pages)
• Collana: Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, , 2367-3389 ; ; 744
• Altri autori (Persone): HarihGregor; SaeysWim; TruijenSteven <1969->
• Disciplina: 620.820113
• Soggetti: Biomedical engineering; Biomechanics; Robotics; Engineering design; Biomechanical Analysis and Modeling; Engineering Design
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Preface -- Organization -- Contents -- Finite Element Analysis of the Donning Phase of a Prosthetic Socket for Transfemoral Amputees -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Joint-Based Metabolic Energy Expenditure for Physiology Simulation in Digital Human Avatars -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Joint-Based Metabolic Energy Expenditure -- 2.2 Motion Data Collection -- 2.3 Motion Data Export to OpenSim -- 2.4 Simulating Ground Reaction Forces -- 2.5 Joint Torque and MEE Calculations -- 2.6 Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Effectiveness of the Exo4work Shoulder Exoskeleton on Full-Body Musculoskeletal Loading - A Case Study in the Workplace -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Supplementary -- References -- Bridging the Gap Between Body Scanning and Ergonomic Simulation of Human Body Interaction in Autonomous Car Interiors -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Experimental Study -- 2.2 Data Processing -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Towards Enhanced Functionality and Usability of Giving Manikin Task Instructions in a DHM Tool -- 1 Introduction -- 2 IPS IMMA -- 3 Improving the Instruction Language -- 3.1 Improving the High-Level Instructions Language -- 3.2 Automatic Inclusion of Realistic Acting in DHM Simulations -- 3.3 Improving Time Estimation of High-Level Instructions -- 4 Research Questions -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Automated Investigation of the Breast - Bra Interaction Using 4D Scan Data and Oscillation Analysis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 4D Scan Data Acquisition -- 2.2 Development of an Automated 4D Scan Data Analysis Using Python and the Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) -- 2.3 Oscillation Analysis of the Breast.; 3 Results -- 3.1 Oscillation Analysis: Frequencies and Local Maxima/Minima -- 3.2 Oscillation Analysis: Amplification Factor -- 4 Conclusion and Discussion -- References -- Classification Models in Post-stroke Patients Based in Human Hand Motion -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Data Source -- 2.2 Hyperparameters Selection -- 2.3 Random Forest -- 2.4 K-Nearest Neighbor -- 2.5 Support Vector Machine -- 2.6 Borderline-SMOTE Data Balancing -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Performance Comparison Between Classifiers After Borderline-SMOTE -- 3.2 Performance Comparison of the Classifiers Before and After Data Balancing -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Estimation of Upper-Limb Joint Torques in Static and Dynamic Phases for Lifting Tasks -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview -- 3 Data Collection and Preparation -- 3.1 Experimental Data and Biomechanical Model -- 3.2 Joint Centers Estimation and Data Normalization -- 4 Joint Torque Estimation -- 4.1 Static Phases -- 4.2 Dynamic Phases -- 4.3 Learning and Evaluation -- 5 Results and Discussion -- References -- Comparing Weighting Algorithms for Anthropometric Datasets to Enable the Generation of Representative Digital Human Models -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Anthropometric Data -- 2.2 Weighting Algorithms -- 2.3 Evaluation Parameters -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- References -- Workwear with Loosely Coupled IMU Sensors for Posture Classification During Assembly Tasks: A Pilot Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Participants -- 2.2 Data Acquisition -- 2.3 Assembly Tasks -- 2.4 Data Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Time-Series -- 3.2 Discrete Data -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Applications of Using 4D Scanning Technologies in Biomechanics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Data Samples -- 2.2 Analysis of Body Segment Asymmetries.; 2.3 Kinematic Analysis of Pelvic Tilt -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Asymmetry of Body Segments -- 3.2 Influence of Anatomical Landmark Definitions on Pelvic Tilt -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling of Peak Expiratory-Inspiratory Flow in a Stented Upper Airway Using Experimental Data -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Research Methods -- 2.1 Geometry of the Model -- 2.2 Governing Equations of the Fluid-Solid Field -- 2.3 Boundary Conditions and Validation -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Validation of Computationally Estimated Human Body-Seat Contact Forces During Sitting -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Experimental Data -- 2.2 Data Reduction -- 2.3 Computed Contact Forces -- 2.4 Data Analysis -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- References -- Does the Initial Guess Affect the Estimations of Knee Ligaments Properties via Optimization Procedures? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Experimental Data -- 2.2 Data Reduction -- 2.3 Computational Model -- 2.4 Experimental Laxity Profiles -- 2.5 Ligament Properties Prediction -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- References -- Influence of the Experimental Protocol and the Optimization Method on the Noninvasive Estimation of Knee Ligaments Properties -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Experimental Data -- 2.2 Computational Model -- 2.3 Ground Truth Simulations -- 2.4 Ligament Properties Prediction -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- References -- Augmented Operators and Virtual User Manuals for Complex Industrial Systems: User Research and Scenario-Building Activities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Critical Appraisal of Using Digital Human Model, Virtual Human, Human Digital Twin and Digital Twin -- 1 Why We Need a Critical Appraisal?.; 1.1 What is the Difference Between a Model and a Twin? -- 1.2 Twinning Between Physical and Virtual -- 1.3 What is the Difference Between Virtual human, Human Digital Twins, Digital Twin, and Digital Human Models? -- 2 Conclusion -- References -- Joint Movement Assessment Applied to Unilateral Amputee Cycling -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Method -- 2.1 Cycling Prostheses -- 2.2 Experimental Setup -- 2.3 Movement Assessment -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- A Workflow for Deforming External Body Shapes with the Help of an Anatomically Correct Skeletal Model -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Registration (Step I) -- 2.2 Skeleton Definition (Step II) -- 2.3 Postural Change Between Initial and Target Postures (Step III) -- 2.4 Skinning Deformation (Step IV) -- 2.5 Evaluation -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Modelling Neck Postural Stabilization Using Optimal Control Techniques for Dynamic Driving -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 DIPM Setup -- 2.2 MPC Setup -- 2.3 Weight Optimization -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Model Optimized Weights -- 3.2 Model Validation -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Comparison of Wearable Inertial Sensors and RGB-D Cameras for Ergonomic Risk Assessment -- 1 Introduction and Literature Review -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Experimental Settings and Procedure -- 2.2 Data Analysis and Calculation of Joint Angles -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion and Concluding Remarks -- References -- Living Space Simulator: Visualizing Estimations of Childhood Injury Risk Based on Geometric Reachability -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Posture Generation for Reachability Check Using a Child Digital Human Model -- 3 Visualizing Plausibly Risky Regions Based on Reachability Using Statistical Behavioral Dimension Values -- 3.1 Reachable Area on the Horizontal Plane -- 3.2 Climbable Region.; 4 Example of Risk Visualization for Indoor Environment Model -- 5 ; Conclusions -- References -- The Modelling of Bariatric Populations in Digital Human Modelling Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Method -- 2.1 How to Create DHMs for the Bariatric Population Using Anthropometric Data -- 2.2 Testing of the DHMs by the End User -- 3 Results -- 3.1 The Pilot Bariatric DHMs -- 3.2 The Initial Testing of the Bariatric DHMs by the Medical Device Manufacturer Human Factors Team -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Limitations -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Can a Numerical Digital Human Finger Model Predict Subjective Comfort Rating of Handheld Products? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Optimal Material Properties Determination Using FEM -- 2.2 Manufacturing of Deformable Handles and Material Properties Measurement -- 2.3 Task Definition and Subjective Comfort Measurement -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Simulation of Ergonomic Assembly Through a Digital Human Modeling Software -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Digital Human Modelling -- 1.2 Ergonomics Assessments -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Ergonomics Assessment Method Selection -- 2.2 DHM Implementation -- 2.3 Industry Case Validation -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Ergonomics Assessment Method Evaluation -- 3.2 DHM Integration -- 3.3 Industrial Case -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Towards an Approach for a Holistic Ergonomic Work Design Using Physical and Cognitive Digital Human Models -- 1 Multiple Usage of Digital Human Models -- 2 Physical and Cognitive Digital Human Models -- 2.1 Physical Human Models: Anthropometric and Biomechanical Digital Human Models -- 2.2 First Extension of Physical DHM with Cognitive Analysis -- 2.3 Cognitive Models of Human Behavior -- 2.4 First Extensions of Cognitive Models to Physical Interactions -- 3 Using Physical and Cognitive Digital Human Models.; 3.1 Use Case: Machine Operation Center and Related Work Activities.
• Sommario/riassunto: This book reports on advances in human modeling techniques, covering cutting-edge algorithms and their practical implementation in health and medicine, automotive, clothing, virtual reality simulations, robotics, and assistive technologies. Gathering the proceedings of the 8th International Digital Human Modeling Symposium, held on September 4-6, 2023, in Antwerp, Belgium, it offers a timely snapshot on interdisciplinary, applied research, at the interface between computer science, ergonomics, engineering, design, health and technologies.