Burma's 2010 elections : implications of the new constitution and election laws / / Michael F. Martin

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910714537403321
• Autore: Martin Michael F.
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Washington, District of Columbia : , : Congressional Research Service, , 2010
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (19 pages)
• Disciplina: 342.07
• Soggetti: Election law
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: The road to the 2010 elections -- The 1990 Parliamentary elections -- The Constitutional Referendum of 2008 -- Key features of the 2008 Constitution -- The 2010 elections -- The Obama Administration's Burma policy -- Congressional concerns.
• Sommario/riassunto: "On an undisclosed date in 2010, Burma plans to hold its first parliamentary elections in 20 years. The elections are to be held under a new constitution, supposedly approved in a national referendum held in 2008 in the immediate aftermath of the widespread destruction caused by Cyclone Nargis. The official results of the constitutional referendum are widely seen as fraudulent, but despite significant domestic and international opposition, Burma's ruling military junta--the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC)--has insisted on conducting the polls as part of what it calls a path to 'disciplined democracy.' On March 9, 2010, the SPDC released five new laws for the pending parliamentary elections. Three of the laws are about the three main types of parliaments stipulated in the constitution--the two houses of the national parliament (Pyidaungsu Hluttaw) and the Regional or State parliaments. The fourth law--the Political Parties Registration Law--sets conditions for the registration and operation of political parties in Burma; the fifth law establishes a Union Election Commission to supervise the parliamentary elections and political parties. The new laws were quickly subjected to sharp criticism, both domestically and overseas. In particular, the law on political parties was ; widely denounced for placing unreasonable restrictions on the participation of many opposition political leaders and Burma's Buddhist monks and nuns. U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Philip J. Crowley said the Political Parties Registration Law 'makes a mockery of the democratic process and ensures that the upcoming elections will be devoid of creditability.' There have also been objections to the terms of the Union Election Commission Law and the 17 people subsequently appointed to the commission by the SPDC. In late September 2009, the Obama Administration adopted a new policy on Burma. The policy keeps most of the elements of the Burma policies of the last two administrations in place, but adds a willingness to engage in direct dialogue with the SPDC on how to promote democracy and human rights in Burma, and greater cooperation on international security issues, such as counternarcotics efforts and nuclear nonproliferation. The Obama Administration accepts that little progress has been made during the seven months that the new policy has been in effect, but has indicated that it will remain in place for now. There are signs of concern among Members of Congress about the dearth of progress in Burma towards democracy and greater respect for human rights. Nine Senators sent a letter to President Obama on March 26, 2010, urging the imposition of additional economic sanctions on the SPDC in light of 'a set of profoundly troubling election laws.' However, another Senator perceives 'several substantive gestures' on the part of the SPDC, and suggests it is time to increase engagement with the Burmese government. The 111th Congress has already taken action with respect to Burma, such as renewing the Burmese Freedom and Democracy Act of 2003. If it were to determine that additional actions should be taken, there are several alternatives available. Among those alternatives are holding hearings or seminars on the political situation in Burma, pushing the Obama Administration to implement existing sanctions on Burma more vigorously, and adding or removing existing sanctions. This report will be updated as circumstances warrant."

Nonlinear optical borate crystals : principles and applications / / Chuangtian Chen ... [et al.]

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910821610203321
• Autore: Chen Chuangtian <1937->
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Weinheim, : Wiley-VCH, 2012
• ISBN: 9786613640369; 9783527646401; 352764640X; 9781280663437; 128066343X; 9783527646418; 3527646418; 9783527646388; 3527646388
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (407 p.)
• Disciplina: 548.9
• Soggetti: Crystal optics; Borate crystals - Optical properties
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Nonlinear Optical Borate Crystals: Principles and Applications; Contents; Preface; List of Contributors; Acknowledgments; 1 Introduction; 1.1 History of the Theoretical Understanding of Nonlinear Optical Crystals; 1.2 History of Development of NLO Borate Crystals; 1.3 History of Crystals for Frequency Conversion; 1.3.1 Frequency Conversion Efficiency of Second Harmonic Generation; 1.3.2 Methods to Obtain Higher Efficiency for Frequency Conversion; 1.3.3 Desirable Conditions for Frequency Conversion Crystals; 1.3.4 History of Crystals and Techniques for Frequency Conversion; References; 2 Theoretical Basis for the Development of Borate Nonlinear Optical Crystals2.1 The Anionic Group Theory and its Approximate Quantum Chemical Methods; 2.1.1 Theoretical Model; 2.1.2 Molecular Orbital Calculation Method; 2.1.2.1 The CNDO-Type Approximation; 2.1.2.2 The EHMO-Type Approximation; 2.2 The SHG Coefficients for Typical ; NLO Crystals Calculated with the Anionic Group Theory; 2.2.1 The Perovskite and Tungsten-Bronze Type of Crystals; 2.2.1.1 Niobate Crystals; 2.2.1.2 SrTiO3, BaTiO3, KTaO3 Crystals; 2.2.2 Iodate Crystals; 2.2.3 The Phosphate Crystals; 2.2.4 The Molybdate Crystals; 2.2.5 The Na2SbF5 Crystal2.2.6 KB5O8 4H2O or K[B5O6(OH)4] 2H2O (KB5) Crystal; 2.2.7 The NaNO2 Crystal; 2.3 The Relationship between the Anionic Group and the Absorption Edge of Inorganic Crystals on the UV Side; 2.3.1 The Model and Approximation; 2.3.2 Absorption Edge Calculations for the Isolated Anionic Group Type; 2.3.2.1 Electronic Structure of β-BaB2O4 (BBO); 2.3.2.2 Electronic Structure of LiB3O5 (LBO); 2.3.2.3 Electronic Structure of KBe2BO3F2 (KBBF); 2.3.2.4 Electronic Structure of KB5O8 4H2O; 2.3.2.5 Electronic Structure of KH2PO4 (KDP); 2.3.2.6 Electronic Structure of Na2SbF5; 2.3.2.7 Electronic Structure of Iodate Crystals and NaNO2 Crystal2.3.3 Summary; 2.4 Ab initio Calculations on the Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Borate and Other Crystals; 2.4.1 Computational Methods; 2.4.2 Calculations and Analysis for Borate Crystals; 2.4.2.1 BBO and LBO Family Crystals; 2.4.2.2 KBBF, BaAlBO3F2 (BABF) and Sr2Be2B2O7 (SBBO) Family Crystals; 2.4.2.3 BIBO Crystal; 2.4.3 Calculations and Analysis for Other NLO Crystals; 2.4.3.1 NaNO2; 2.4.3.2 Na2SbF5; 2.4.3.3 KH2PO4 (KDP); 2.5 The Computer-Assisted Molecular Design System for Searching New NLO Crystals; 2.5.1 Material Requirements for NLO Devices2.5.2 Theoretical Evaluation; 2.6 The Developments of New NLO Crystals in Borate Series; 2.6.1 The Basic Structural Units in Borate Series and Their NLO and LO Properties; 2.6.1.1 The Second-Order Susceptibilities of the Borate Groups; 2.6.1.2 The Band Gaps of the Borate Groups; 2.6.2 The Development of New NLO Borate Crystals with Molecular Engineering Approach; 2.6.2.1 The History of Discovering BBO; 2.6.2.2 From BBO to LBO; 2.6.2.3 From BBO to LBO to KBBF Crystal; 2.6.2.4 From KBBF to SBBO Family; References; 3 Borate Nonlinear Optical Crystals for Frequency Conversion
• Sommario/riassunto: This clear and self-contained review of the last four decades of research highlights in the hot field of nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals, particularly of borate-based ultraviolet and deep-ultraviolet NLO crystals, covers three major subjects: the structure-property relationship in borate crystals, the structural and optical characteristics of various promising borate crystals, and their fruitful applications in a wide range of scientific and technological fields. Edited by the discoverers and users of these optical borate crystals, this is a readily accessible reading for semiconductor, a