Hydrology and sediment transport, Moanalua Valley, Oahu, Hawaii / / by Patricia J. Shade

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910713356403321
• Autore: Shade Patricia J.
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Reston, Virginia : , : U.S. Geological Survey, , 1984
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (vi, 54 pages) : illustrations, maps
• Collana: Water-resources investigations report ; ; 84-4156
• Soggetti: Runoff - Hawaii - Oahu; Sediment transport - Hawaii - Oahu; Hydrology - Hawaii - Oahu; Hydrology; Runoff; Sediment transport
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: "September 1984."; "Prepared in cooperation with the state of Hawaii, Department of Transportation, Highways Division."
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references (pages 50-54).

Africa's cities : opening doors to the world / / Somik Vinay Lall, J. Vernon Henderson, Anthony J. Venables, with [9 others]

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910953559103321
• Autore: Lall Somik V.
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Washington, D.C. : , : International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The World Bank, , [2017]
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (162 pages) : color illustrations, maps ; ; 27 cm
• Disciplina: 307.1/4
• Soggetti: Cities and towns - Africa; Community development, Urban - Africa; Africa
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Overview Africa's Cities: Opening Doors to the World -- The low development trap - Africa's urban economies are limited to nontradable goods and services -- Crowded, disconnected, and thus costly - Africa's cities are limited to nontradables by urban form -- Crowded cities -- Disconnected cities -- Costly cities -- Closed for business, out of service: The urgency of a new urban development path for Africa -- Cities are "closed for business" -- Cities are "out of service" -- Path dependence and interdependence -- Springing cities from the low development trap -- Formalize land markets, clarify property rights, and institute effective urban planning -- Make early and coordinated infrastructure investments - allowing for interdependence among sites, structures, and basic services -- Opening the doors -- Annex: African cities used in the analysis -- References -- Part I: Crowded and Disconnected African Cities -- Chapter 1 Crowded with people, not dense with capital -- Crowded with people -- Slums: Workers' only option when urban economic density is low but highly concentrated -- High population density at the city's core, rapid tapering on the outskirts -- Not dense with capital -- Not dense with buildings -- Not dense with amenities, not livable -- Case studies: Access to amenities in Dar es Salaam, Durban, and elsewhere in Africa -- Low human ; capital -- References -- Chapter 2 Disconnected land, people and jobs -- Disconnected land -- Collections of small and fragmented neighborhoods -- Spatial fragmentation -- People not connected to people: High fragmentation, low exposure, little potential for interaction -- People not connected to jobs -- Lack of transportation infrastructure -- Lack of money for transportation -- Inaccessible employment -- References.; Part II: Africa's Low Urban Development Trap -- Chapter 3 Costly for households, costly for firms -- High prices, low incomes -- High wages, high costs of doing business -- References -- Chapter 4 Africa's urban development trap -- Cities closed for business -- The "nontradables trap": Theory -- The "nontradables trap": Evidence -- Sunk costs, construction, and the expectations trap -- References -- Part III: Springing Africa from Its Low Urban Development Trap -- Chapter 5 Clarifying property rights and strengthening urban planning -- Why African cities fail to attract investment: An urban planner's perspective -- Capital misallocation -- Institutional constraints -- Ineffectual property rights -- The example of Nairobi -- Clear land and property rights -- Land valuation and prices -- Removing data and legal obstacles -- Improving tax collection -- Urban planning institutions and land use regulation -- Strengthening capacity and resources for urban planning -- Addressing coordination constraints across levels of government -- Urban regulations -- Streamlining administrative procedures -- Relaxing planning standards -- To build cities that work, make land markets work - nothing less will do -- References -- Chapter 6 Scaling up and coordinating investments in physical structures and infrastructure -- Investing early in infrastructure to shape urban structures -- Leveraging road investment -- Bus rapid transit: One option among many -- Integrated urban planning, regulation, and transportation investments -- Roads, densification, and land use change in four East African cities -- Citywide economic benefits of road improvements in Kampala -- Provide public goods and services for livability -- Finance for lumpy urban infrastructure investments -- References -- About the contributors -- Figures.; 1 The share of firms in internationally traded and nontradable sectors varies widely across developing country cities -- 2 In resource-exporting countries, urbanization is linked only weakly to the development of manufacturing and services in countries that export natural resources -- 3 Connections among people as a function of population near the city center: Nairobi, Kenya, is more fragmented and less well-connected than Pune, India -- 4 "Leapfrog development" undermines economies of scale and agglomeration -- 5 Paved roads occupy a smaller share of urban land in Africa than elsewhere - and usually drop off abruptly beyond the city center -- 6 A fragmented urban form is associated with higher urban costs -- 7 Urban living costs in Sub-Saharan African countries in 2011 exceeded costs elsewhere, relative to Africans' lower per capita GDP -- 8 Urban households - especially poor ones - spent large shares of their budgets on transportation (analysis from 2008) -- 1.1 Very high proportions of city dwellers live in slums in Africa -- 1.2 Population density in African cities is lower than in some other regions -- 1.3 The value of building stocks in African cities is low -- 1.4 Large shares of the population in Dar es Salaam lack access to basic sanitation and water services -- 1.5 Access to improved water and sanitation in Dar es Salaam tends to rise with distance from the center -- 1.6 Access to improved sanitation and piped water at home is low across Dar es Salaam -- 1.7 Access to Services in Durban decreases with distance from the city center -- 1.8 ; Moving to Durban improved migrants' access to basic services before but not after 2000 -- 1.9 Within-city moves in Durban are less likely to yield better sanitation than they did in the past -- 1.10 Access to piped water, septic tanks, and electricity improved in Maputo, Mozambique, between 1997 and 2013.; 1.11 Access to piped water, septic tanks, and electricity improved in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, between 2007 and 2013 -- 1.12 Cognitive skills of most urban workers are limited, especially in Africa -- 2.1 Three aspects of being connected -- 2.2 The average "openness index" of cities in Sub-Saharan Africa is not very different from the index of other regions -- 2.3 Land within five kilometers of the central business district is often left unbuilt in Africa -- 2.4 African cities are more fragmented in the center than comparably sized cities in India -- 2.5 Urban people in Africa have less potential for interaction than urban people in other regions -- 2.6 African cities are becoming more fragmented -- 2.7 Paved roads occupy a smaller share of urban land in Africa than elsewhere - and usually drop off abruptly beyond the city center -- 2.8 Urban Africans spend a large share of their budgets on food, leaving little for transport -- 2.9 In Kigali, workers in the informal sector have shorter commutes -- 2.10 The typical household in many African cities cannot afford public transport fares -- 2.11 Scale economies in vehicle size should lead to the provision of collective transportation through large vehicles toward the city center and smaller ones as distance to the city center increases -- 2.12 A very large share of trips in African cities are made by foot -- 3.1 African cities face high prices for their income levels -- 3.2 Consumers in Africa face high price premiums -- 3.3 Households in African cities grapple with subsistence -- 3.4 Average time and cost to register property in Sub-Saharan countries and international benchmarks -- 3.5 Average time and cost to deal with construction permits in Sub-Saharan countries and international benchmarks -- 3.6 Infrastructure costs per capita decrease with density.; 3.7 A fragmented urban form is associated with higher urban costs -- 3.8 Nominal manufacturing wages in African cities are higher than in other developing-country cities -- 3.9 Sales revenue per worker in African and other developing- country cities -- 4.1 Supply and demand for labor in a "local" city -- 4.2 Supply and demand for labor in an internationally competitive city -- 4.3 The tradables sector is much larger in Asia than in Africa -- 4.4 Urbanization and manufacturing share of GDP in Africa and outside Africa -- 4.5 The share of land devoted to slums increases with distance from the city center -- 5.1 Average distances to commercial and industrial areas from formal and informal settlements in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Kigali, Rwanda -- 5.2 Larger agglomerations have higher, and increasing, tensions over land prices -- 5.3 Key players in urban development in Tanzania and Uganda -- 5.4 Average time and cost to register property in African countries and international benchmarks in 2015 -- 5.5 Minimum lot sizes are large in Africa -- 6.1 Land values of de novo development projects are higher than values in other neighborhoods of Dar es Salaam, including rich ones -- 6.2 Differential impacts of de novo and upgrading projects in Dar es Salaam -- 6.3 Area around the Gangding station, in Guangzhou, China, before and after construction of the bus rapid transit system -- 6.4 Average daily bus rapid transit passenger counts are much higher in Lagos than in Johannesburg -- 6.5a Integrated urban planning and regulation promote density -- 6.5b Integrated urban planning and regulation promote density -- 6.6 Percentage of area devoted to paved and unpaved roads in four East African cities, 2001 and 2013 -- 6.7 Access to electricity by newly ; arrived migrants and other residents in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone.; 6.8 Gap between capital needs and budget resources of city governments.
• Sommario/riassunto: Cities in Sub-Saharan Africa are experiencing rapid population growth.Yet their economic growth has not kept pace.Why?One factor might be low capital investment, due in part to Africa's relative poverty: Other regions have reached similar stages of urbanization at higher per capita GDP.