TheMaking of Monolingual Japan : Language Ideology and Japanese Modernity / / Patrick Heinrich

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910457541903321
• Autore: Heinrich Patrick
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Blue Ridge Summit, PA : , : Multilingual Matters, , [2012]; ©2012
• ISBN: 1-280-12093-2; 9786613524799; 1-84769-658-9
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (212 p.)
• Collana: Multilingual Matters
• Disciplina: 306.44/952
• Soggetti: English language -- Japan; Japan -- Languages; Language and culture -- Japan; Language and languages -- Study and teaching -- Japan; Language and languages -- Variation; Linguistics -- Study and teaching -- Japan; Second language acquisition; Language and languages - Study and teaching - Japan; Second language acquisition - Variation - Japan; Linguistics - Japan; English language; Language and culture; Languages & Literatures; East Asian Languages & Literatures; Philology & Linguistics; Electronic books.
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di contenuto: Frontmatter -- Contents -- Preface -- 1. Language Ideology as a Field of Enquiry -- 2. The Call of Mori Arinori to Replace Japanese -- 3. The Creation of a Modern Voice -- 4. The Unifi cation of Japanese -- 5. The ; Linguistic Assimilation of Ryukyuans and Ainu -- 6. The Most Beautiful Language in the World -- 7. Language Ideology as Self-FulfillingProphecy -- 8. Current Challenges to Modernist Language Ideology -- 9. Language Ideology in 21st-century Japan -- References -- Index
• Sommario/riassunto: Japan is widely regarded as a model case of successful language modernization, and it is often erroneously believed to be linguistically homogenous. There is a connection between these two views. As the first ever non-Western language to be modernized, Japanese language modernizers needed to convince the West that Japanese was just as good a language as the national languages of the West. The result was a fervent desire for linguistic uniformity. Today the legacy of modernist language ideology poses many problems to an internationalizing Japan. All indigenous minority languages are heading towards extinction, and this purposefully created homogeneity also affects the integration of immigrants and their languages. This book examines these issues from the perspective of language ideology, and in doing so the mechanisms by which language ideology undermines linguistic diversity are revealed.

Maritime transport : agreement between the United States of America and Vietnam, signed at Washington, March 15, 2007

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910704553503321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: [Washington, D.C.] : , : United States Department of State, , [2013?]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (21 unnumbered pages)
• Collana: Treaties and other international acts series ; ; 07-715
• Soggetti: Maritime law - United States; Maritime law - Vietnam; Shipping - International cooperation
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Title from title screen (viewed on April 26, 2013).

Open Access Databases and Datasets for Drug Discovery / / edited by Antoine Daina, Michael Przewosny, and Vincent Zoete

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910831048503321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Weinheim, Germany : , : Wiley-VCH, , [2024]; ©2024
• ISBN: 3-527-83049-9; 3-527-83047-2
• Edizione: [First edition.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (348 pages)
• Collana: Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry Series
• Disciplina: 615.19
• Soggetti: Drugs - Design - Data processing; Drug development - Data processing
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Series Editors Preface -- Raimund Mannhold - A Personal Obituary from the Series Editors -- A Personal Foreword -- Chapter 1 Open Access Databases and Datasets for Computer‐Aided Drug Design. A Short List Used in the Molecular Modelling Group of the SIB -- References -- Part I Small Molecules -- Chapter 2 PubChem: A Large‐Scale Public Chemical Database for Drug Discovery -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Data Content and Organization -- 2.3 Tools and Services -- 2.3.1 PubChem Search -- 2.3.2 Summary Pages -- 2.3.3 Literature Knowledge Panel -- 2.3.4 2D and 3D Neighbors -- 2.3.5 Classification Browser -- 2.3.6 Identifier Exchange Service -- 2.3.7 Programmatic Access -- 2.3.8 PubChem FTP Site and PubChemRDF -- 2.4 Drug‐ and Lead‐Likeness of PubChem Compounds -- 2.5 Bioactivity Data in PubChem -- 2.6 Comparison with Other Databases -- 2.7 Use of PubChem Data for Drug Discovery -- 2.8 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 DrugBank Online: A How‐to Guide -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 DrugBank -- 3.2.1 Overview of DrugBank -- 3.2.2 DrugBank Datasets -- 3.2.2.1 Drug Cards: An Overview and Navigation Guide -- 3.2.2.2 Identification -- 3.2.2.3 Pharmacology -- 3.2.2.4 Categories -- 3.2.2.5 Properties -- 3.2.2.6 Targets, Enzymes, Carriers, and Transporters -- 3.2.2.7 References -- 3.3 Protocols -- 3.3.1 General Workflows -- 3.3.1.1 Using DrugBank Online's Search Functionality -- 3.3.1.2 Using DrugBank Online's Advanced Search Functionality -- 3.3.1.3 Browsing Drugs Using DrugBank Online's Drug Categories -- 3.3.2 Identifying Chemicals and Relevant Sequences -- 3.3.2.1 Searching Using Chemical Structure Search -- 3.3.2.2 Using Sequence Search to Find Similar Targets -- 3.3.3 Extracting DrugBank Datasets for ML -- 3.4 Research Using DrugBank -- 3.5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References.; Chapter 4 Bioisosteric Replacement for Drug Discovery Supported by the SwissBioisostere Database -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Concept of Isosterism and Bioisosterism -- 4.1.2 Classical vs. Non‐classical Bioisostere and Further Molecular Replacements -- 4.1.3 Bioisosteric Replacement in Drug Discovery -- 4.2 Construction and Dissemination of SwissBioisostere -- 4.2.1 Intention and Requirements -- 4.2.2 Bioactivity Data -- 4.2.3 Nonsupervised Matched Molecular Pair Analysis -- 4.2.4 Database -- 4.2.5 Web Interface -- 4.3 Content of SwissBioisostere -- 4.3.1 Global Content -- 4.3.2 Biological and Chemical Contexts -- 4.3.3 Fragment Shape Diversity -- 4.4 Usage of SwissBioisostere -- 4.4.1 Website Usage -- 4.4.2 Most Frequent Requests -- 4.4.3 Examples Related to Drug Discovery -- 4.4.3.1 Use Cases -- 4.4.3.2 Replacing Unwanted Chemical Groups -- 4.4.3.3 Optimization of Passive Absorption and Blood-Brain Barrier Diffusion -- 4.4.3.4 Reduction of Flexibility -- 4.4.3.5 Reduction of Aromaticity/Escape from Flatland -- 4.5 Conclusive Remarks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Part II Macromolecular Targets and Diseases -- Chapter 5 The Protein Data Bank (PDB) and Macromolecular Structure Data Supporting Computer‐Aided Drug Design -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Small Molecule Data in Protein Data Bank (PDB) Entries -- 5.2.1 What Data are in the PDB Archive? -- 5.2.2 Definition of Small Molecules in OneDep -- 5.3 Small Molecule Dictionaries -- 5.3.1 wwPDB Chemical Component Dictionary (CCD) -- 5.3.2 The Peptide Reference Dictionary -- 5.4 Additional Ligand Annotations in the PDB Archive -- 5.4.1 Linkage Information -- 5.4.2 Carbohydrates -- 5.5 Validation of Ligands in the Worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB) -- 5.5.1 Various Criteria and Software Used for Validating Ligand in Validation Reports -- 5.5.2 Identification of Ligand of Interest (LOI).; 5.5.3 Geometric and Conformational Validation -- 5.5.4 Ligand Fit to Experimental Electron Density Validation -- 5.5.5 Accessing wwPDB Validation Reports from PDBe Entry Pages -- 5.5.6 Other Planned Improvements to Enhance Ligand Validation -- 5.6 PDBe Tools for Ligand Analysis -- 5.6.1 Ligand Interactions -- 5.6.1.1 Classifying Ligand Interactions -- 5.6.1.2 Data Availability -- 5.6.2 Ligand Environment Component -- 5.6.3 Chemistry Process and FTP -- 5.6.4 PDBeChem Pages -- 5.7 Ligand‐Related Annotations in the PDBe‐KB -- 5.7.1 Introduction to PDBe‐KB -- 5.7.2 Data Access Mechanisms for Ligand‐Related Annotations -- 5.7.3 Ligand‐Related Annotations on the Aggregated Views of Proteins -- 5.8 Case Study: Using PDB Data to Support Drug Discovery -- 5.9 Conclusions and Outlook -- 5.9.1 Upcoming Features and Improvements -- References -- Chapter 6 The SWISS‐MODEL Repository of 3D Protein Structures and Models -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 SMR Database Content and Model Providers -- 6.2.1 PDB -- 6.2.2 SWISS‐MODEL -- 6.2.3 AlphaFold Database -- 6.2.4 ModelArchive -- 6.3 Protein Feature Annotation and Cross‐References to Computational Resources -- 6.3.1 Structural Features, Ligands, and Oligomers -- 6.3.2 SWISS‐MODEL associated tools -- 6.3.3 Web and API Access -- 6.4 Quality Estimates and Benchmarking -- 6.5 Binding Site Conformational States -- 6.6 SMR and Computer‐Aided Structure‐based Drug Design -- 6.7 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 7 PDB‐REDO in Computational‐Aided Drug Design (CADD) -- 7.1 History and Concepts -- 7.1.1 X‐ray Structure Models -- 7.1.2 PDB‐REDO Development -- 7.1.2.1 First Uniformity -- 7.1.2.2 Automatic Rebuilding of Protein Backbone and Side Chains -- 7.1.2.3 Automated Model Completion Approaches -- 7.1.2.4 Systematic Integration of Structural Knowledge -- 7.1.2.5 Overview of PDB‐REDO Pipeline.; 7.2 Structure Improvements by PDB‐REDO -- 7.2.1 Parametrization and Rebuilding Effects on Small Molecule Ligands -- 7.2.1.1 Re‐refinement Improves Ligand Conformation -- 7.2.1.2 Side Chain Rebuilding Improves Ligand Binding Sites -- 7.2.1.3 Histidine Flip and Improved Ligand Parameterization -- 7.2.2 Building of Protein Loops and Ligands into Protein Structure Models -- 7.2.2.1 Loop Building Completes a Binding Site Region -- 7.2.2.2 Loop Building Results in Improved Binding Sites -- 7.2.2.3 Building new Compounds into Density -- 7.2.3 Nucleic Acid Improvements by PDB‐REDO -- 7.2.4 Glycoprotein Structure Model Rebuilding -- 7.2.5 Metal Binding Sites -- 7.2.6 Limitations of the PDB‐REDO Databank -- 7.3 Access the PDB‐REDO Databank and Metadata -- 7.3.1 Downloading and Inspecting Individual PDB‐REDO Entries -- 7.3.2 Data Available in PDB‐REDO Entries -- 7.3.3 Usage of the Uniform and FAIR Validation Data -- 7.3.4 Creating Datasets from the PDB‐REDO Databank -- 7.3.5 Submitting Structure Models to the PDB‐REDO Pipeline -- 7.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments and Funding -- References -- Chapter 8 Pharos and TCRD: Informatics Tools for Illuminating Dark Targets -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methods -- 8.2.1 Data Organization -- 8.2.1.1 Target Alignment -- 8.2.1.2 Disease Alignment -- 8.2.1.3 Ligand Alignment -- 8.2.1.4 Data and UI Updates -- 8.2.2 Programmatic Access and Data Download -- 8.2.3 UI Organization -- 8.2.3.1 List Pages -- 8.2.3.2 Details Pages -- 8.2.3.3 Search -- 8.2.3.4 Tutorials -- 8.2.4 Analysis Methods Within Pharos -- 8.2.4.1 Searching for Ligands -- 8.2.4.2 Finding Targets by Amino Acid Sequence -- 8.2.4.3 Finding Targets with Similar Annotations -- 8.2.4.4 Finding Targets with Predicted Activity -- 8.2.4.5 Enrichment Scores for Filter Values -- 8.3 Use Cases -- 8.3.1 Hypothesizing the Role of a Dark Target -- 8.3.1.1 Primary Documentation.; 8.3.1.2 List Analysis -- 8.3.1.3 Downloading Data -- 8.3.1.4 Variations ; on this Use Case -- 8.3.2 Characterizing a Novel Chemical Compound -- 8.3.2.1 Finding Predicted Targets -- 8.3.2.2 Analyzing Similar Ligands -- 8.3.2.3 Ligand Details Pages -- 8.3.2.4 Variations on this Use Case -- 8.3.3 Investigating Diseases -- 8.4 Discussion -- Funding -- References -- Part III Users' Points of View -- Chapter 9 Mining for Bioactive Molecules in Open Databases -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Main Tools for Virtual Screening -- 9.2.1 ADMET and PAINS Filtering -- 9.2.2 Protein-Ligand Docking -- 9.2.3 Pharmacophore Search -- 9.2.4 Shape/Electrostatic Similarity -- 9.2.5 Protein‐Structure Databases -- 9.2.6 The Protein Data Bank -- 9.2.7 The PDB‐REDO Databank -- 9.2.8 The SWISS‐MODEL Repository -- 9.2.9 The AlphaFold Protein Structure Database -- 9.3 Validating Binding Site and Ligand Coordinates in Three‐Dimensional Protein Complexes -- 9.4 Databases for Searching New Drugs -- 9.4.1 COCONUT -- 9.4.2 GDBs -- 9.4.3 ZINC20 -- 9.5 Databases of Bioactive Molecules -- 9.5.1 The BindingDB Database -- 9.5.2 PubChem -- 9.5.3 ChEMBL -- 9.6 Databases of Inactive/Decoy Molecules -- 9.6.1 Collecting Experimentally Inactive Compounds from PubChem -- 9.6.2 Collecting Presumed Inactive Compounds from Decoy Databases -- 9.6.3 Building Custom‐Based Decoy Sets -- 9.7 Main Metrics for Evaluating the Success of a Virtual Screening -- 9.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 10 Open Access Databases - An Industrial View -- 10.1 Academic vs. Industrial Research -- 10.2 Scaffold‐Hopping -- 10.3 Virtual‐Screening -- References -- Index -- EULA.