2.2.4 The Prefrontal Cortex Has Some Specific Function -- 2.2.5 Jacobsen´s Experiments Using Delayed-Response Task -- 2.2.6 Delayed-Response Deficits Caused by Prefrontal Lesions -- 2.2.7 Localization of the Cortical Area Responsible for Delayed-Response Performance -- 2.2.8 Delayed-Response Deficits Can Be Observed in Human Prefrontal Patients -- 2.2.9 Delayed-Response Deficits Can Also Be Observed in Rats and Dogs -- 2.3 Behavioral Deficits in Other Delay Tasks Caused by Prefrontal Lesions -- 2.3.1 Delayed Alternation Task and Importance of Spatial Factor -- 2.3.2 Delayed Matching-to-Sample Task and Other Delay Tasks -- 2.4 Cryogenic Depression of Prefrontal Functions -- 2.5 What Causes Delayed-Response Deficits? -- 2.5.1 Factors Affecting Delayed-Response Performances -- 2.5.2 Increased Susceptibility, Distractibility, and Hyperactivity to Irrelevant Stimuli -- 2.5.3 Kinesthetic Effects -- 2.6 Mnemonic Hypothesis of Prefrontal Function -- 2.6.1 Problems of Behavior Control During the Delay Period -- 2.6.2 An Oculomotor Version of the Delayed-Response Task -- 2.6.3 Mnemonic Scotoma Observed in Prefrontal Lesioned Monkeys -- 2.6.4 Contralateral Bias of Spatial Mnemonic Process in the Prefrontal Cortex -- 2.6.5 Working Memory Is an Important Function of the Prefrontal Cortex -- References -- Chapter 3: Working Memory and Prefrontal Functions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Short-Term Memory and Working Memory -- 3.2.1 Modal Model of Human Memory -- 3.2.2 Baddeley and Hitch´s Experiment -- 3.3 Working Memory -- 3.3.1 Working Memory Model Proposed by Baddeley -- 3.3.2 Other Models and Definitions of Working Memory -- 3.3.3 Working Memory in Animal Studies -- 3.3.3.1 Working Memory Versus Reference Memory -- 3.3.3.2 Spatial Working Memory Tasks -- 3.3.3.3 Non-spatial Working Memory Tasks and Recognition Memory Tasks. |