Paediatric sleep disorders : case-based practical guide / / editors : Albert Martin Li and Kate Ching-Ching Chan

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910634042503321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Singapore : , : Springer, , [2022]; ©2022
• ISBN: 981-19-5791-6
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (203 pages)
• Disciplina: 618.928498
• Soggetti: Sleep disorders in children
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I: Introduction -- 1: Functions and Control of Sleep -- 1.1 The Need to Sleep -- 1.2 Control of Sleep -- 1.2.1 Generation of Circadian Rhythm -- 1.2.2 Sleep and Arousal -- 1.2.3 The NREM and REM Sleep -- 1.2.3.1 NREM Circuit -- 1.2.3.2 REM Circuit -- 1.2.3.3 The Role of Hypocretin/Orexin -- 1.3 Functions of Sleep -- 1.3.1 Sleep and EEG Recovery -- 1.3.2 Sleep, Brain Energy Replenishment, Molecular Regeneration -- 1.3.3 Sleep and Toxin Removal Within the Brain -- 1.3.4 Sleep and Memory -- 1.3.5 Sleep and Immunity -- 1.3.6 Sleep, Mood, and Emotion -- 1.3.7 Sleep: The Developmental Perspective -- References -- 2: Sleep Physiology and Architecture -- 2.1 Sleep Architecture -- 2.2 Sleep Physiology -- References -- 3: Sleep Needs: Cross-Cultural Comparisons and Problems with Sleep Deprivation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sleep Duration -- 3.2.1 Developmental Alteration of Sleep Duration -- 3.2.2 Cross-Cultural Difference of Sleep Duration -- 3.2.3 Factors Associated with Sleep Duration -- 3.2.4 Problems Associated with Decreased Sleep Duration -- 3.3 Sleepiness -- 3.3.1 Sleepiness vs. Sleep Duration -- 3.3.2 Factors Associated with Sleepiness -- 3.4 Sleep Need Index (SNI) -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Evaluation of Sleep Disorders -- 4: Clinical Assessment -- 4.1 Preparation -- 4.2 History Taking -- 4.2.1 Chief Complaint and Associated Symptoms -- 4.2.2 Sleep Patterns and Sleep-Wake Schedule -- 4.2.3 Treatment History, Medical History, Developmental ; History, and Psychiatric History -- 4.2.4 Family History -- 4.3 Physical Examination -- 4.3.1 Sleep-Associated Physical Examination -- 4.4 Questionnaire and Scale -- 4.4.1 Bedtime Problems, Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, Awakenings, Regularity and Snoring Screener (BEARS).; 4.4.2 Children's Sleep Habit Questionnaire: Preschool and School Ages (CSHQ) -- 4.4.3 Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) -- 4.4.4 Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS) -- 4.4.5 Children's Sleep Comic -- 4.4.6 Sleep Diary and Sleep Log -- 4.4.7 Structured Interview -- 4.5 Laboratory Test -- 4.5.1 Blood Test -- 4.5.2 Dim Light Melatonin Onset (DLMO) -- 4.5.3 Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Hypocretin (Orexin) Level -- 4.6 Imaging Test -- 4.6.1 Cephalometry -- 4.6.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- 5: Sleep Diagnostics -- 5.1 Diagnosis -- 5.2 Home Audio and Video Recording -- 5.3 Pulse Oximetry -- 5.3.1 Technology Behind Pulse Oximetry -- 5.3.2 Limitations of Pulse Oximetry -- 5.4 Actigraphy -- 5.4.1 Indications for Actigraphy -- 5.4.2 Limitations -- 5.5 Paediatric Polysomnography -- 5.5.1 Mechanics of Polysomnography -- 5.5.2 Interpretation and Scoring -- 5.5.3 Indications for Paediatric Polysomnography -- 5.5.4 Limitations of Polysomnography -- 5.5.5 Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) -- 5.6 Drug Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) -- References -- Part III: Specific Sleep Disorders -- 6: Paediatric Insomnia -- 6.1 Case Vignettes -- 6.2 Overview -- 6.3 Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Childhood Insomnia -- 6.4 Prevalence and Consequences of Insomnia -- 6.5 Aetiology of Insomnia -- 6.5.1 Biological Factors -- 6.5.2 Medical Factors -- 6.5.3 Psychosocial and Behavioural Factors -- 6.6 Assessment -- 6.6.1 Sleep History -- 6.6.2 Medical and Psychiatric History -- 6.6.3 Subjective Measures -- 6.6.4 Objective Measures -- 6.7 Interventions for Paediatric Insomnia -- 6.7.1 Non-pharmacological Treatment of Paediatric Insomnia -- 6.7.2 Pharmacological Treatment of Paediatric Insomnia -- 6.8 Summary and Take-Home Points -- References -- 7: Primary Snoring.; 7.1 Vignette of Typical Presentation/Real Life Example -- 7.2 Epidemiology -- 7.3 Pathophysiology -- 7.4 Diagnosis -- 7.4.1 Clinical Features -- 7.4.2 Physical Examination -- 7.4.3 Diagnostic Testing -- 7.5 Complications -- 7.5.1 Neurocognitive and Behavioral Impairment -- 7.5.2 Cardiovascular System -- 7.5.3 Others -- 7.6 Treatment -- 7.6.1 Adenotonsillectomy -- 7.6.2 Non-Surgical Treatment Options -- 7.6.2.1 Medication -- 7.6.2.2 Sleep Position Therapy -- 7.6.2.3 Weight Loss -- 7.6.2.4 Oral Appliances -- 7.6.3 Follow-Up -- 7.7 Research Gaps -- References -- 8: Obstructive Sleep Apnoea -- 8.1 Vignette of Typical Presentation/Real Life Example -- 8.2 Introduction -- 8.2.1 What Is OSAS -- 8.2.2 Spectrum of SDB: Primary Snoring to OSAS -- 8.3 Epidemiology -- 8.4 Risk Factors -- 8.5 Presenting Features -- 8.5.1 OSAS in Childhood vs. Adulthood -- 8.6 Diagnosis -- 8.7 Severity Grading and AHI Classification -- 8.8 Complications -- 8.9 Treatment -- 8.9.1 Adenotonsillectomy (T&amp -- A) -- 8.9.2 Positive Airway Pressure Therapy (CPAP/BiPAP) -- 8.9.3 Weight Management -- 8.9.4 Medical Treatment -- 8.9.5 Others -- 8.10 Clinical Course and Prognosis -- 8.11 Some Potential Research Areas -- Further Reading -- 9: Central Sleep Apnoea Syndromes in Infants -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Apnoea of Prematurity -- 9.2.1 Epidemiology -- 9.2.2 Aetiology -- 9.2.3 Clinical Significance -- 9.3 Short Central Apnoeas -- 9.3.1 Treatment -- 9.3.2 Research Gaps -- 9.3.3 Summary -- 9.4 Periodic Breathing -- 9.4.1 Epidemiology -- 9.4.2 Aetiology -- 9.4.3 Clinical Significance -- 9.4.4 Treatment -- 9.4.5 Research Gaps -- 9.5 Periodic Breathing Clinical Vignette -- 9.6 A Note on Obstructive Apnoea in Infants -- 9.7 Summary -- ; References -- 10: Sleep-Related Hypoventilation Syndromes.; 10.1 Congenital Central Alveolar Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS) -- 10.1.1 Vignette of Typical Presentation/Real-Life Example -- 10.1.2 Introduction -- 10.1.3 Epidemiology -- 10.1.4 Pathophysiology -- 10.1.5 Silent Presenting Features -- 10.1.6 Diagnosis -- 10.1.7 Treatment -- 10.1.8 Research Gaps -- 10.2 Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome (OHS) -- 10.2.1 Vignette of Typical Presentation/Real-Life Example -- 10.2.2 Introduction -- 10.2.3 Epidemiology -- 10.2.4 Pathophysiology -- 10.2.5 Silent Presenting Features -- 10.2.6 Diagnosis -- 10.2.7 Treatment -- 10.2.8 Research Gaps -- References -- 11: Childhood Narcolepsy -- 11.1 Typical Presentation of Childhood Narcolepsy -- 11.2 Epidemiology -- 11.3 Etiology and Pathophysiology -- 11.4 Presentation and Diagnosis -- 11.5 Management -- 11.6 Prognosis -- 11.7 Summary of the Key Findings and Research Gaps -- References -- 12: Circadian Rhythm Sleep Wake Disorders -- 12.1 Case Vignette -- 12.2 The Molecular Clock -- 12.2.1 Circadian Entrainment -- 12.2.2 Human Phase Response Curve -- 12.2.3 Circadian Influence on Sleep -- 12.3 Overview of Circadian Sleep Wake Disorders -- 12.4 Diagnosis -- 12.5 Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (DSWPD) -- 12.5.1 Epidemiology -- 12.5.2 Pathophysiology -- 12.5.3 Presenting Features -- 12.5.3.1 Poor School Performance -- 12.5.3.2 Insomnia -- 12.5.3.3 Neuropsychiatric Presentations -- 12.5.4 Diagnosis -- 12.5.4.1 Actigraphy -- 12.5.4.2 Biological Measurements -- 12.5.4.3 Melatonin -- 12.5.4.4 Standardized Chronotype Questionnaires -- 12.5.5 Treatment -- 12.5.5.1 Timed Light Therapy -- 12.5.5.2 Timed Melatonin -- 12.5.5.3 Light Avoidance -- 12.5.5.4 Chronotherapy -- 12.5.5.5 Treatment in Co-Morbid Conditions -- 12.6 Non-24 H Sleep-Wake Disorder (N24SWD) -- 12.7 Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder (ISWRD).; 12.8 Advanced Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (ASWPD) -- 12.9 Conclusion -- References -- 13: NREM Parasomnias: Disorders of Arousal -- 13.1 Vignette -- 13.2 Epidemiology -- 13.3 Aetiology -- 13.4 Presentation and Diagnosis -- 13.5 Management -- 13.6 Summary of Take-home Messages -- References -- 14: REM-Sleep Parasomnia: Nightmare Disorder -- 14.1 Case -- 14.2 Epidemiology -- 14.3 Aetiology -- 14.4 Presentation and Diagnosis -- 14.5 Management -- 14.5.1 Summary of Key Take-home Messages and Research Gaps -- 14.5.2 Research Gaps -- References -- 15: Enuresis -- 15.1 A Vignette of Typical Presentation of the Sleep Disorder -- 15.2 Epidemiology -- 15.3 Aetiology -- 15.4 Presentation and Diagnosis -- 15.4.1 History -- 15.4.2 Physical Examination -- 15.4.3 Investigations -- 15.5 Management -- 15.5.1 Education and General Advice -- 15.5.2 Motivational Therapy -- 15.5.3 Behavioral -- 15.5.3.1 Alarm Treatment -- 15.5.4 Pharmacological -- 15.5.4.1 Desmopressin -- 15.5.4.2 Tricyclic Antidepressants -- 15.5.4.3 Anti-Cholinergics -- 15.5.5 Choice of Active Treatment -- 15.5.6 Refractory Enuresis -- 15.6 Summary of Key Take-Home Messages and Research Gaps -- References -- 16: Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder -- 16.1 Vignette -- 16.2 Physical Examination -- 16.3 Diagnostic Evaluation -- 16.4 Sami's Progress -- 16.5 Sami's Treatment and Progress -- 16.6 Summary -- References -- 17: Bruxism -- 17.1 Definition and Epidemiology -- 17.2 Pathophysiology -- 17.3 Etiology -- 17.4 Presentation and Diagnosis -- 17.5 Management -- 17.6 Summary -- 17.7 Research Gaps -- References -- 18: Benign Neonatal Sleep Myoclonus -- 18.1 Epidemiology -- 18.2 Etiology -- 18.3 Presentation and Diagnosis -- 18.4 Management -- 18.5 Cross ; Cultural Perspective -- 18.6 Summary of Key-Take-Home Messages and Research Gaps.; References.