World trade law and the emergence of international electricity markets / / Christopher Frey

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910574091303321
• Autore: Frey Christopher (Writer on energy regulation)
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2022]; ©2022
• ISBN: 9783031047565; 9783031047558
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (284 pages)
• Collana: European Yearbook of International Economic Law ; ; v.25
• Disciplina: 343.0929
• Soggetti: International interconnected electric utility systems - Law and legislation
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Part I: The Technical and Regulatory Foundations of Electricity Trade and the Emergence of International Electricity Markets -- Chapter 1: General Introduction -- 1.1 The Current State of Research -- 1.2 The Structure of This Book -- References -- Chapter 2: Technical and Regulatory Foundations of Electricity Trade -- 2.1 Technical Aspects of Electricity Systems -- 2.1.1 The Physical Properties of Electricity -- 2.1.2 Grid Dependency and Capacity Constraints -- 2.1.3 Storage of Electricity -- 2.1.4 The Evolution of Electricity Systems -- 2.1.5 Contemporary Electricity Systems -- 2.1.6 The Electricity System of the Future -- 2.1.6.1 The Impact of the Energy Transition -- 2.1.6.2 Smart Grids and Microgrids -- 2.1.6.3 New Storage Options for Electricity -- 2.1.7 Interim Conclusions on the Technical Aspects of Electricity Systems -- 2.2 Regulatory and Commercial Aspects of the Electricity Sector -- 2.2.1 Development of Electricity Sector Regulation -- 2.2.2 The Natural Monopoly Character of Transmission and Distribution -- 2.2.3 Electricity Supply As a Public Service -- 2.2.4 Regulation of Access to the Electricity Network -- 2.2.5 Wholesale Markets for Electricity -- 2.2.6 Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) -- 2.2.7 Interim Conclusions on Regulatory and Commercial Aspects -- References -- Chapter 3: The Advent of International Electricity Trade -- 3.1 The Benefits of ; International Electricity Trade -- 3.1.1 Scale Benefits and Security of Supply -- 3.1.2 Optimization of Generation Costs -- 3.1.3 Benefits of Cross-Border Trade for the Integration of Renewable Energies -- 3.2 The Emergence of Regional Electricity Markets -- 3.2.1 The EU Internal Electricity Market -- 3.2.1.1 Development and State of Interconnection -- 3.2.1.2 The Regulatory and Institutional Framework -- 3.2.1.3 Outlook.; 3.2.2 Electricity Trade Among the US, Canada and Mexico -- 3.2.2.1 Development and State of Interconnection -- 3.2.2.2 The Regulatory and Institutional Framework -- 3.2.2.3 Outlook -- 3.2.3 The Southern African Power Pool -- 3.2.3.1 Development and State of Interconnection -- 3.2.3.2 The Regulatory and Institutional Framework -- 3.2.3.3 Outlook -- 3.2.4 The West African Power Pool -- 3.2.4.1 Development and State of Interconnection -- 3.2.4.2 The Regulatory and Institutional Framework -- 3.2.4.3 Outlook -- 3.2.5 The Central American Power Market -- 3.2.5.1 Development and State of Interconnection -- 3.2.5.2 The Regulatory and Institutional Framework -- 3.2.5.3 Outlook -- 3.2.6 Interim Conclusions on Regional Electricity Markets -- 3.2.7 Steps Towards a Global Interconnection of Electricity Networks -- References -- Chapter 4: Final Conclusions to Part I -- Part II: World Trade Law and the Regulation of Electricity Trade -- Chapter 5: WTO Law and the Regulation of Electricity Trade -- 5.1 The Status of the Energy Sector in the WTO Legal Order -- 5.1.1 The Absence of Energy-Specific Provisions in the WTO Agreements -- 5.1.2 The Energy Sector in WTO Dispute Settlement -- 5.2 Locating Electricity Within the Framework for Goods and Services -- 5.2.1 General Considerations: `Goods´ and `Services´ in the WTO Legal Framework -- 5.2.2 The Physical Characteristics of Electricity -- 5.2.3 Commercial Aspects of Electricity -- 5.2.4 The Status of Electricity in Domestic Legal Systems -- 5.2.5 International Treaties and PTAs -- 5.2.6 Treatment of Electricity in the Canada: Renewable Energy Dispute -- 5.2.7 Treatment of Electricity in International Classification Instruments for Customs Purposes -- 5.2.8 Electricity in Services Classification Instruments -- 5.2.8.1 The Classification of the Generation of Electricity.; 5.2.8.2 The Classification of Transmission and Distribution of Electricity -- 5.2.9 Conclusions on the Classification of Electricity and Consequences for the Application of the GATT and the GATS -- 5.3 Electricity As a Subject of WTO Accessions -- 5.4 Lessons from the Treatment of Electricity in WTO Dispute Settlement -- References -- Chapter 6: The Energy Charter Treaty and the Regulation of Electricity Trade -- 6.1 The Relationship Between the ECT and the WTO Agreements -- References -- Chapter 7: Electricity in Other Preferential Trade Agreements -- References -- Chapter 8: Final Conclusions to Part II -- Part III: Barriers to Electricity Trade and the Role of World Trade Law -- Chapter 9: A Typology of International Trade Issues in the Electricity Sector -- References -- Chapter 10: Market Structure As an Impediment to International Trade in Electricity: Vertical Integration, Monopolies and Stat... -- 10.1 Applying the Legal Disciplines: State-Owned Enterprises and Beyond -- 10.1.1 Article XVII GATT -- 10.1.2 Article VIII GATS -- 10.1.3 Article XVI:2 (a) GATS -- 10.1.4 Additional Disciplines in the ECT and PTAs -- 10.2 Conclusions on Market Structure As an Impediment to International Electricity Trade -- 10.3 Interlude: The Role of Private Actors in the Electricity Sector and the Application of WTO Law -- References -- Chapter 11: Quantitative Import and Export Restrictions -- 11.1 Electricity Import Restrictions -- 11.1.1 Reasons for Restricting Electricity Imports -- 11.1.1.1 Political Economy Reasons: Safeguarding the Competitiveness of Domestic ; Generation -- 11.1.1.2 System Security Reasons -- 11.1.1.3 Public Policy Goals -- 11.1.1.4 Environmental Protection and Public Health -- 11.1.1.5 Climate Change -- 11.1.1.6 National Security -- 11.2 Means of Restricting Cross-Border Electricity Flows -- 11.3 Restrictions on Exports of Electricity.; 11.4 Applying the Legal Discipline: Article XI GATT -- 11.4.1 The Relationship Between Articles XI and III GATT -- 11.4.2 Article XI GATT -- 11.4.2.1 Import and Export Licensing -- 11.4.2.2 `Other Measures´ -- 11.4.3 Exceptions: Article XI:2 and Article XX GATT -- 11.4.3.1 Article XI:2 GATT -- 11.4.3.2 The General Exceptions in Article XX GATT -- 11.4.4 Notification and Administration of Quantitative Restrictions -- 11.5 Additional Disciplines in the ECT and PTAs -- 11.6 Conclusions on Import and Export Restrictions -- References -- Chapter 12: Transit of Electricity -- 12.1 Special Features of Electricity Transit -- 12.2 Applying the Legal Discipline: Article V GATT -- 12.2.1 Article V:2: `Freedom of Transit () Via the Routes Most Convenient´ -- 12.2.2 Capacity Establishment -- 12.2.3 Network Access -- 12.2.4 The Second Sentence of Article V:2: `No Distinction´ -- 12.2.5 Article V:3 and V:4 GATT -- 12.2.6 Article V:5 and V:6 GATT: The Transit MFN Principles -- 12.3 Transit Through Privately-Owned Electricity Infrastructure -- 12.4 Transit Disciplines in the ECT and PTAs -- 12.5 Conclusions on Transit -- References -- Chapter 13: Final Conclusions to Part III -- Part IV: Towards a Coherent Regulatory Framework for International Electricity Trade -- Chapter 14: The Road Ahead for Multilateral Electricity Trade Regulation -- 14.1 An Integrated Approach for the Energy Sector or Electricity-Specific Rules? -- 14.2 Building Blocks of a Multilateral Regulatory Regime for Electricity Trade -- 14.2.1 Classification of Goods and Services Along the Electricity Value Chain -- 14.2.2 Principles on Electricity Transit -- 14.2.2.1 Scope of Application -- 14.2.2.2 MFN Treatment -- 14.2.2.3 Transmission Tariffs and Compensation for Hosting Cross-Border Flows -- 14.2.2.4 Network Access -- 14.2.2.5 Dealing with Loop Flows and System Security Challenges.; 14.2.3 Basic Principles on Good Regulatory Practice -- 14.3 Finding the Right Forum: Where Should Electricity-Specific Trade Rules Be Defined? -- 14.3.1 A Reformed Energy Charter Treaty -- 14.3.2 Accommodating Rules on International Electricity Trade in the WTO Framework -- 14.3.2.1 A WTO Sectoral Agreement on Electricity Trade -- 14.3.2.2 A Reference Paper on Services Related to Electricity -- 14.4 Final Conclusions to Part IV -- References -- Chapter 15: General Conclusions -- Case Law -- WTO Panel and Appellate Body -- GATT -- European Court of Justice -- Decisions of Domestic Courts -- United States -- Switzerland -- Legislation -- WTO Agreements -- Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements -- Other International Agreements -- WTO Documents -- Documents of International Organisations -- EU Legislation -- Other EU Documents -- National Legislation -- Other Institutional Sources -- News Articles -- References.