Sex/gender-specific medicine in the gastrointestinal diseases / / Nayoung Kim

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910574061203321
• Autore: Kim Nayoung
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Gateway East, Singapore : , : Springer, , [2022]; ©2022
• ISBN: 9789811901201; 9789811901195
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (458 pages)
• Disciplina: 616.33
• Soggetti: Sex factors in disease; Gastrointestinal system - Diseases
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Preface -- Introduction -- Contents -- Part I: Why Is Sex/Gender-Specific Medicine Needed? -- 1: Why Is Sex/Gender-Specific Medicine Needed? -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 History of Sex/Gender-Specific Medicine -- 1.3 What Is Sex/Gender-Specific Medicine? -- 1.4 The Need for Sex/Gender-Specific Medicine -- 1.5 Need for Sex/Gender-Specific Medicine in Gastrointestinal Diseases -- 1.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Sex/Gender Differences in the Gastrointestinal Diseases -- 2: Sex/Gender Differences in the Gastrointestinal Diseases -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Effects of Sex/Gender on Disease -- 2.3 Effects of Sex/Gender on FGIDs -- 2.4 Effects of Sex/Gender on Alcohol-Related Gastrointestinal Diseases -- 2.4.1 Difference of Alcohol Metabolism by Sex -- 2.4.2 Differences in Alcohol Consumption Patterns by Gender -- 2.4.3 Differences in Healthcare Utilization by Gender Among Patients with Alcoholism -- 2.4.4 Alcohol-Related Physical Diseases -- 2.4.4.1 Alcohol and Esophageal Cancer -- 2.4.4.2 Alcohol and Gastric Cancer -- 2.4.4.3 Alcohol and Colorectal Cancer -- 2.4.4.4 Alcohol and Chronic Liver Disease -- 2.4.4.5 Alcohol and Pancreatitis -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Metabolism of Sex Hormones -- 3: Metabolism of Estrogen and Testosterone and Their Role in the Context of Metabolic Diseases -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Metabolism ; of Estrogen -- 3.3 Effects of Estrogen in the Context of Metabolic Diseases -- 3.4 Metabolism of Testosterone -- 3.5 Physiologic Effects of Testosterone -- 3.6 Effects of Testosterone in the Context of Metabolic Diseases -- 3.7 Conclusions -- References -- Part IV: Esophagus -- 4: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease -- 4.2.1 Population-Based Studies -- 4.2.2 Endoscopy-Based Studies.; 4.3 Pathophysiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease -- 4.3.1 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Estrogen on the Esophagus -- 4.3.2 Protective Function of the Esophageal Epithelium -- 4.3.3 Nociception -- 4.3.4 Psychological and Emotional Factors -- 4.3.5 Comparison of Risk Factors by Type of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease -- 4.4 Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease -- 4.4.1 Differences in Esophageal and Extraesophageal Symptoms by Sex/Gender -- 4.4.2 Differences in Frequency of Healthcare Usage by Sex/Gender -- 4.5 Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease -- 4.5.1 Drug Response and Sex/Gender -- 4.5.2 Effects of Hormone Therapy for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- 5: Esophageal Motility Disorders -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Main Point -- 5.2.1 Achalasia -- 5.2.1.1 Epidemiology -- 5.2.1.2 Cause and Pathophysiology -- 5.2.1.3 Symptoms -- 5.2.1.4 Diagnosis -- 5.2.1.4.1 Barium Esophagography -- 5.2.1.4.2 Endoscopy -- 5.2.1.4.3 Esophageal Manometry -- 5.2.1.5 Treatment -- 5.2.2 Distal Esophagus Hypermotility Disorders -- 5.2.2.1 Definition and Pathophysiology -- 5.2.2.2 Clinical Symptoms -- 5.2.2.3 Diagnosis -- 5.2.3 Differences in Esophageal Motility Disorders Between Sexes -- 5.2.3.1 Epidemiology of Esophageal Motility Disorders and Differences Between Sexes -- 5.2.3.2 Symptoms of Esophageal Motility Disorders and Differences Between Sexes -- 5.2.3.3 Response to Treatment Between Sexes -- 5.3 Conclusions -- References -- 6: Sex Difference of Esophageal Cancer: Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma vs. Esophageal Adenocarcinoma -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma -- 6.2.1 Incidence and Mortality Rate of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the World -- 6.2.1.1 Incidence Rate of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Africa.; 6.2.1.2 Incidence Rate of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in South Korea -- 6.2.1.3 Mortality Rate of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in South Korea -- 6.2.2 Pathophysiology of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma -- 6.2.2.1 Sex Hormone -- 6.2.2.2 Alcohol -- 6.2.2.3 Smoking -- 6.2.2.4 Dietary Factors -- 6.2.2.5 Lower Body Mass Index -- 6.2.2.6 Genetics -- 6.3 Esophageal Adenocarcinoma -- 6.3.1 Incidence and Mortality Rate of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma in the World -- 6.3.2 Pathophysiology of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma -- 6.3.2.1 Sex Hormone -- 6.3.2.2 Reflux Esophagitis and Barrett's Esophagus -- 6.3.2.3 Obesity -- 6.3.2.4 Smoking and Alcohol -- 6.3.2.5 Nutritional Factor -- 6.3.2.6 Drugs -- 6.3.2.7 Genetics -- 6.3.3 The Effect of Hormone Replacement Therapy on the Esophageal Adenocarcinoma and Its Prognosis Defending on Age and Sex -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part V: Stomach -- 7: Functional Dyspepsia -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Definition of Functional Dyspepsia -- 7.3 Epidemiology and Prevalence of Functional Dyspepsia -- 7.4 Symptoms of Functional Dyspepsia -- 7.5 Pathophysiology of Functional Dyspepsia -- 7.5.1 Sex Hormones -- 7.5.2 Visceral Hypersensitivity -- 7.5.3 Psychological Distress -- 7.5.4 Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis and Gender Differences -- 7.5.4.1 Brain Response to Stress -- 7.5.4.2 Gut Microbiota -- 7.5.5 Gastroduodenal Dysfunction and Ghrelin -- 7.5.6 Genetic Factors -- 7.5.7 Low-Grade ; Duodenal Inflammation and Tight Junction Proteins -- 7.5.8 Food -- 7.6 Treatment of Functional Dyspepsia -- 7.6.1 Rapport Between Patients and Doctors -- 7.6.2 Adjustments to Lifestyle and Diet -- 7.6.3 Medication -- 7.6.3.1 H. pylori Eradication -- 7.6.3.2 Proton Pump Inhibitors -- 7.6.3.3 Prokinetics -- 7.6.3.4 Antidepressants -- 7.6.3.5 Targeting the Gut Microbiota -- 7.6.3.6 Psychotherapy.; 7.7 Conclusions -- References -- 8: Helicobacter pylori Infection and Gastritis -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Sex/Gender Differences in the Epidemiology of H. pylori -- 8.3 Sex/Gender Differences in Chronic Gastritis -- 8.3.1 Sex/Gender Differences in the Distribution of Chronic Gastritis -- 8.3.2 Sex/Gender Differences in Atrophic Gastritis and Intestinal Metaplasia -- 8.3.3 Sex/Gender Differences in 15-Year Changes in Atrophic Gastritis and Intestinal Metaplasia -- 8.3.4 Sex/Gender Differences in Atrophic Gastritis and the Reversibility of Intestinal Metaplasia After H. pylori Eradication -- 8.4 Sex/Gender Differences in the H. pylori-Eradicated Population -- 8.5 Sex/Gender Differences in the Changes of Lipid Metabolism After H. pylori Infection -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References -- 9: Peptic Ulcer Disease -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Epidemiology and Sex/Gender Differences of Peptic Ulcers -- 9.2.1 Studies of Data from Health Check-Up Centers -- 9.2.2 Multicenter Studies of Data from Gastroenterology Departments at Tertiary Hospitals in 1995, 2000, and 2005 -- 9.2.3 Analysis of Peptic Ulcer Studies of Data from Gastroenterology Departments from 1990 to 2007 -- 9.3 Sex/Gender Differences in the Causes of Peptic Ulcers -- 9.3.1 Peptic Ulcers Due to H. pylori -- 9.3.2 Peptic Ulcers Due to NSAIDs -- 9.3.2.1 Membrane Permeabilization -- 9.3.2.2 COX-1 Inhibition and Decrease of Prostaglandins -- 9.3.2.3 Activation of Inflammatory Mediators -- 9.3.3 Non-H. pylori, Non-NSAID Peptic Ulcers -- 9.4 Sex/Gender Differences in the Mechanism of Peptic Ulcers -- 9.5 Changes in Peptic Ulcers in the Aging Population -- 9.6 Differences by Age and Sex/Gender in the Complications of Peptic Ulcers -- 9.7 Sex/Gender Differences in the Pharmacological Treatment of Peptic Ulcers.; 9.8 Sex/Gender Differences That Should Be Considered for Peptic Ulcer Prevention Strategies -- 9.9 Conclusions -- References -- 10: Sex/Gender-Specific Medicine for Intestinal-Type and Diffuse-Type Gastric Cancer -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Cancer and Estrogen -- 10.2.1 Mechanism of Estrogen/Estrogen Receptor Related to Cancer -- 10.2.2 Evidence That Sex/Gender Differences Should Be Reflected in Future Cancer Research -- 10.3 Incidence and Morality of Gastric Cancer -- 10.4 Sex/Gender Differences in Gastric Cancer -- 10.4.1 Differences in the Histology of Gastric Cancer by Sex/Gender and Age -- 10.4.2 Sex Hormones Such as Estrogen and Androgen and Their Receptors in Gastric Cancer -- 10.4.3 Serum Pepsinogen II ≥ 20 μg/L and H. pylori Positivity Are Biomarkers for Early-Stage Diffuse-Type Gastric Cancer in Females Younger Than 40 -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 11: Sex/Gender-Specific Medicine for Impact of Overweight, Obese, and Underweight on Gastric Cancer -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Association Between Overweight/Obesity and Gastric Cancer Incidence -- 11.3 Sex Difference in the Association Between Overweight/Obesity and Cardia Gastric Cancer Incidence -- 11.4 Association Between Underweight and Non-cardia Gastric Cancer Incidence -- 11.5 Sex Difference in the Association Between Underweight and Non-cardia Gastric Cancer Incidence -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part VI: Pancreas and Biliary Diseases -- 12: Pancreas and Biliary Diseases -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Benign Diseases in the Biliary System -- 12.2.1 Gallstone Disease -- 12.2.1.1 ; Epidemiology -- 12.2.1.2 Effects of Estrogen on Cholesterol Gallstones -- 12.2.1.3 Coffee Consumption and Gallstones -- 12.2.1.4 Physical Activity and Gallstones -- 12.2.1.5 Cholecystectomy for Gallstone Disease.; 12.2.1.6 Positive Association of Gallbladder Stones or Polyps with Colon Polyps.