Pediatric diagnostic labs for primary care : an evidence-based approach / / edited by Rita Marie John

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910568273603321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2022]; ©2022
• ISBN: 9783030906429; 9783030906412
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (489 pages)
• Disciplina: 618.920075
• Soggetti: Children - Diseases - Diagnosis
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgment -- Contents -- 1: Pediatric Diagnostic Lab Tests: An Overview -- 1.1 Unique Issues in Pediatric Blood and Urine Collection -- 1.1.1 Blood Sampling in Pediatric Patients -- 1.1.2 Collection of Pediatric Blood and Urine Samples -- 1.1.3 Handling and Timing of the Specimen before Processing -- 1.2 Key Concepts in the Interpretation of Lab Tests -- 1.2.1 Overview -- 1.2.2 Precision, Mean, and Standard Deviation -- 1.2.3 The Relevance of Sensitivity and Specificity in the Diagnostic Process -- 1.2.4 Test Accuracy -- 1.3 Evidence-Based Practice and Diagnostic Tests -- 1.3.1 Appraising the Quality of a Study Evaluating Performance of a Diagnostic Test -- 1.3.2 Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies -- 1.4 Purpose of Laboratory Testing -- 1.4.1 Screening Tests -- 1.4.2 Diagnosis and Laboratory Tests -- 1.4.3 Establishment of Test Value Cutoffs -- 1.4.4 Real-Life Examples -- 1.5 How Will a Test Perform in a Patient Population? -- 1.5.1 Positive and Negative Predictive Values -- 1.5.2 Real-Life Examples -- 1.5.3 Positive and Negative Likelihood Ratios -- 1.5.3.1 Fagan's Nomogram -- 1.5.4 Real-Life Example -- 1.5.5 Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve -- 1.5.6 Real-Life Example: Case 1 -- 1.5.7 Real-Life Example -- 1.6 Diagnostic Reasoning -- 1.6.1 Diagnostic Stewardship -- 1.6.2 Underordering Diagnostic Laboratory Tests -- Websites -- References -- 2: Laboratory Screening and Diagnostic ; Testing in Antepartum Care -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Health Disparities -- 2.3 Laboratory Tests and Pregnancy -- 2.3.1 Understanding Pregnancy Diagnostic Testing -- 2.3.1.1 Urine Pregnancy Test -- 2.3.1.2 Serum Pregnancy Test -- 2.4 Diagnostic Testing to Confirm Gestational Age -- 2.5 Initial Visit -- 2.5.1 Routine Prenatal Labs.; 2.5.1.1 ABO and Rh Blood Typing -- 2.5.1.2 Antibody Screen -- 2.5.1.3 Noninvasive Prenatal Testing for Fetal Blood and Rh Type -- 2.5.1.4 Complete Blood Count -- 2.5.1.5 Platelet Count -- 2.5.1.6 Hemoglobin Electrophoresis -- 2.5.1.7 Urine Culture/Screen -- 2.5.1.8 Urine Dipstick -- 2.5.2 Real-World Example -- 2.6 Sexually Transmitted Infections -- 2.6.1 Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infections -- 2.6.1.1 Gonorrhea and Chlamydia -- 2.6.1.2 Syphilis -- 2.6.1.3 HIV -- 2.6.1.4 Hepatitis B Virus -- 2.6.1.5 Trichomonas, Bacterial Vaginosis, and HSV -- 2.7 Other Infectious Diseases: TORCH Infections -- 2.7.1 Rubella -- 2.7.1.1 Rubella IgG -- 2.7.2 HSV -- 2.7.3 Hepatitis C -- 2.7.4 Cervical Cancer and Human Papilloma Virus Screening -- 2.7.5 Screening for Tuberculosis -- 2.7.6 Real-Life Example -- 2.8 Blood Lead Level Screening -- 2.9 Late Pregnancy Laboratory Screening and Testing -- 2.9.1 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Screening (24-28 Weeks) -- 2.9.1.1 Screening for Gestational Diabetes: The One-Step Method -- 2.9.1.2 Screening for Gestational Diabetes: The Two-Step Method -- 2.9.1.3 Other Laboratory Tests Used, but Not Recommended for Gestational Diabetes -- 2.9.1.4 Group B Streptococcal Screening (36-38 Weeks) -- 2.9.2 Testing for Rupture of Membranes -- 2.9.2.1 Nitrazine Strip/pH Testing -- 2.9.2.2 Point of Care Fetal Fibronectin Tests/Amniotic Proteins -- 2.9.3 Real-Life Example -- 2.10 Fetal Surveillance -- 2.10.1 Methods of Fetal Surveillance -- 2.10.1.1 The Nonstress Test (NST) -- 2.10.1.2 The Contraction Stress Test (CST) -- 2.10.1.3 Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) and Maximum Vertical Pocket (MVP) -- 2.10.1.4 Biophysical Profile (BPP) -- 2.10.1.5 Umbilical Artery Doppler Velocimetry -- 2.10.1.6 Maternal-Fetal Movement Assessment -- 2.10.2 Real-Life Example -- 2.11 Genetic Screening and Testing.; 2.11.1 Prenatal Screening Versus Diagnostic Testing -- 2.11.1.1 Carrier Screening for Genetic Conditions -- 2.11.2 First-Trimester Screening -- 2.11.2.1 Cell-Free DNA (cfDNA) -- 2.11.2.2 Diagnostic Testing Options: Chorionic Villus Sampling and Amniocentesis -- 2.11.3 Second-Trimester Screening -- 2.11.3.1 Triple and Quadruple Screen -- 2.11.3.2 Aneuploidy -- 2.11.4 Neural Tube Defects -- 2.11.5 Real-Life Example -- 2.12 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 3: Care of the Newborn -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Newborn Period -- 3.2.1 Overview of Newborn Screening -- 3.2.1.1 Conditions on the NBS Panel -- 3.3 Newborn Screening Process -- 3.3.1 Sample Collection -- 3.3.1.1 Methods Used for Newborn Screening -- 3.4 Notification of NBS Results and Follow-Up of Abnormal Screening -- 3.4.1 Verification of Diagnosis -- 3.4.2 Education of Health Professionals and Public -- 3.4.3 Ongoing Quality Improvement -- 3.5 Considerations and Issues Affecting NBS Results -- 3.5.1 Prematurity and Illness -- 3.5.2 Maternal Conditions/Diet -- 3.5.3 Process Errors -- 3.6 Ethical Issues -- 3.6.1 Parental Education and Consent -- 3.6.2 Result Ambiguity -- 3.6.3 Unintentional Results -- 3.6.4 Consideration for Other Family Members -- 3.6.5 Storage of Blood Spot Specimens -- 3.6.6 Resource Inequity -- 3.7 Specific Information about Screening Tests -- 3.7.1 Specific Screening Tests -- 3.7.1.1 Congenital Hypothyroidism -- 3.7.1.2 Hemoglobinopathy Screening -- 3.7.2 Real-Life Examples -- 3.7.3 Possible Diagnostic Labs Following Delivery -- 3.7.3.1 CBC -- 3.7.3.2 Clotting Tests ; and Coagulation Disorders -- 3.7.3.3 Direct Antigen Test or Direct Coombs -- 3.7.3.4 Blood Type -- 3.7.3.5 Genetic Testing for Undiagnosed Perinatal Diseases -- 3.7.3.6 Bilirubin -- 3.7.3.7 Glucose.; 3.7.3.8 Apt Test, Kleihauer-Betke Test, Rosette Tests, and Flow Cytometry -- 3.7.3.9 C-Reactive Protein (CRP) -- 3.7.3.10 Procalcitonin -- 3.7.3.11 Blood Cultures -- 3.7.3.12 Molecular Methods in Possible Septic Infants -- 3.7.4 Real-Life Examples -- 3.8 Evaluation of the Well Newborn with a Fever -- 3.9 Congenital Infection -- 3.9.1 Herpes Simplex Virus -- 3.9.2 Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) -- 3.9.2.1 Urine and/or Saliva for CMV -- 3.9.3 Syphilis -- 3.9.3.1 VDRL and RPR -- 3.9.4 HIV -- 3.9.4.1 HIV DNA and HIV RNA PCR Assays -- 3.9.5 ZIKA Virus -- 3.9.5.1 PCR Testing for Infants with Possible ZIKV Exposure -- 3.9.6 Hepatitis B -- 3.9.7 Hepatitis C -- 3.9.7.1 HCV RNA PCR -- 3.9.8 Congenital Toxoplasmosis -- 3.9.9 Chagas Disease -- 3.9.9.1 Direct Microscopic Examination -- 3.9.9.2 PCR -- 3.9.9.3 Serology -- 3.9.10 Real-Life Examples -- References -- Additional Reading for Specific Conditions in the Newborn Screening -- 4: The Well Pediatric Primary Care Visit and Screening Laboratory Tests -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Newborn Visit -- 4.2.1 Newborn Screening Follow-Up -- 4.2.1.1 HIV Screening -- 4.2.1.2 Newborn Bilirubin -- 4.2.2 Real-Life Example -- 4.3 Anemia Screening -- 4.3.1 Real-Life Examples -- 4.4 Lead Screening and Testing -- 4.4.1 Lead Screening Techniques -- 4.4.1.1 Capillary Lead Screening -- 4.4.1.2 Venous Lead Screening -- 4.4.2 Other Markers of Lead Toxicity -- 4.4.2.1 Elevated Zinc Protoporphyrin and Free Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin -- 4.4.2.2 Delta Aminolevulinic Acid (ALAD) -- 4.4.2.3 CBC -- 4.4.3 Real-Life Examples -- 4.5 Routine Dyslipidemia Screening -- 4.5.1 Lipid Screening Tests -- 4.5.1.1 Cholesterol -- 4.5.1.2 Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) -- 4.5.1.3 Non-high-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (Non-HDL-C) -- 4.5.1.4 High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C).; 4.5.1.5 Lipoprotein A -- 4.5.1.6 ApoA1 -- 4.5.1.7 ApoB 100 -- 4.5.1.8 Triglycerides (TG) -- 4.5.1.9 Genetic Testing when Familial Dyslipidemia Is Identified -- 4.5.2 Real-Life Example -- 4.6 Screening for Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) -- 4.6.1 IGRA Versus TST -- 4.7 Urinalysis -- 4.8 The Child Who Is Overweight or Obese -- 4.8.1 Diabetic Screening -- 4.8.2 Dyslipidemia Screening -- 4.8.3 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) -- 4.8.3.1 Evaluation of Elevated Androgen -- 4.8.4 Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) -- 4.8.4.1 ALT and AST -- AST -- 4.8.5 Real-Life Example -- 4.9 Special Adolescent Issues -- 4.9.1 Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) -- 4.9.1.1 Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests for Chlamydia (CT) and Gonorrhea (GC) -- 4.9.1.2 Culture for CT and GC -- 4.9.1.3 Complement Fixation for CT -- 4.9.1.4 Point-of-Care Tests for CT -- 4.9.2 HIV Screening -- 4.9.3 Syphilis -- 4.9.4 Trichomonas Vaginalis -- 4.9.4.1 Antigen-Based Testing for TV Using Immunochromatographic Capillary Flow -- 4.9.4.2 DNA Hybridization Probe -- 4.9.4.3 Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) -- 4.9.4.4 Culture of T Vaginalis -- 4.9.5 Real-Life Example -- 4.9.5.1 Drug Screening -- 4.9.5.2 Screening Tools -- 4.9.5.3 Immunoassay Urine Drug Testing -- 4.9.5.4 Chromatographic Methods (CM) -- 4.9.6 Real-Life Example -- Websites -- References -- Further Reading -- 5: Point-of-Care Testing in Primary Care -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Overview of Point-of-Care Testing -- 5.2.1 POCT and CLIA Regulations -- 5.2.2 Collection Sites for POCT -- 5.2.2.1 Throat Specimen Collection -- 5.2.2.2 Nasal Swab (NS), Mid-Turbinate Specimens (MTS), and Nasopharyngeal Specimen Collection -- 5.3 POCT for Group ; A Streptococcal Infection -- 5.3.1 Clinical Indications for Strep Testing -- 5.3.2 Differential Diagnosis of Throat Symptoms.; 5.3.3 Types of Rapid Antigen Detection Tests.