American English : Dialects and Variation

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910795808403321
• Autore: Wolfram Walt
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Hoboken : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , 2015; ©2014
• ISBN: 9781118391433; 9781118390221
• Edizione: [3rd ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (457 pages)
• Collana: Language in Society Ser. ; ; v.45
• Altri autori (Persone): SchillingNatalie
• Disciplina: 427/.973
• Soggetti: English language -- Dialects -- United States; English language -- Variation -- United States; Americanisms; Electronic books.
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Companion Website -- List of Figures -- Preface -- Phonetic Symbols -- Chapter 1 Dialects, Standards, and Vernaculars -- 1.1 Defining Dialect -- 1.2 Dialect: The Popular Viewpoint -- 1.3 Dialect Myths and Linguistic Reality -- 1.4 Standards and Vernaculars -- 1.5 Language Descriptivism and Prescriptivism -- 1.6 Vernacular Dialects -- 1.7 Labeling Vernacular Dialects -- 1.8 Why Study Dialects? -- 1.9 A Tradition of Study -- 1.10 Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 2 Why Dialects? -- 2.1 Sociohistorical Explanation -- 2.1.1 Settlement -- 2.1.2 Migration -- 2.1.3 Geographical factors -- 2.1.4 Language contact -- 2.1.5 Economic ecology -- 2.1.6 Social stratification -- 2.1.7 Social interaction, social practices, and speech communities -- 2.1.8 Group and individual identity -- 2.2 Linguistic Explanation -- 2.2.1 Rule extension -- 2.2.2 Analogy -- 2.2.3 Transparency and grammaticalization -- 2.2.4 Pronunciation principles -- 2.2.5 Words and word meanings -- 2.3 The Final Product -- 2.4 Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 3 Levels of Dialect -- 3.1 Lexical Differences -- 3.2 Slang -- 3.3 Phonological Differences -- 3.4 Grammatical Differences -- 3.5 Language Use and Pragmatics -- 3.6 Further ; Reading -- References -- Chapter 4 Dialects in the United States: Past, Present, and Future -- 4.1 The First English(es) in America -- 4.1.1 Jamestown -- 4.1.2 Boston -- 4.1.3 Philadelphia -- 4.1.4 Charleston -- 4.1.5 New Orleans -- 4.2 Earlier American English: The Colonial Period -- 4.3 American English Extended -- 4.4 The Westward Expansion of English -- 4.5 The Present and Future State of American English -- 4.6 Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 5 Regional Varieties of English -- 5.1 Eliciting Regional Dialect Forms -- 5.2 Mapping Regional Variants -- 5.3 The Distribution of Dialect Forms.; 5.4 Dialect Diffusion -- 5.5 Perceptual Dialectology -- 5.6 Region and Place -- 5.7 Further Reading -- Websites -- References -- Chapter 6 Social Varieties of American English -- 6.1 Social Status and Class -- 6.2 Beyond Social Class -- 6.3 Indexing Social Meanings through Language Variation -- 6.4 The Patterning of Social Differences in Language -- 6.5 Linguistic Constraints on Variability -- 6.6 The Social Evaluation of Linguistic Features -- 6.7 Social Class and Language Change -- 6.8 Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 7 Ethnicity and American English -- 7.1 Ethnic Varieties and Ethnolinguistic Repertoire -- 7.2 Patterns of Ethnolinguistic Variation -- 7.3 Latino English -- 7.4 Cajun English -- 7.5 Lumbee English -- 7.6 Jewish American English -- 7.7 Asian American English -- 7.8 Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 8 African American English -- 8.1 Defining the English of African Americans -- 8.2 The Relationship between European American and African American English -- 8.3 The Origin and Early Development of African American English -- 8.3.1 The Anglicist Hypothesis -- 8.3.2 The Creolist Hypothesis -- 8.3.3 A Note on Creole Exceptionalism -- 8.3.4 The Neo-Anglicist Hypothesis -- 8.3.5 The Substrate Hypothesis -- 8.4 The Contemporary Development of African American Speech -- 8.5 Conclusion -- 8.6 Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 9 Gender and Language Variation -- 9.1 Gender-based Patterns of Variation -- 9.2 Explaining General Patterns -- 9.3 Localized Expressions of Gender Relations -- 9.4 Communities of Practice: Linking the Local and the Global -- 9.5 Gender and Language Use -- 9.5.1 The "Female Deficit" Approach -- 9.5.2 The "Cultural Difference" Approach -- 9.5.3 The "Dominance" Approach -- 9.6 Investigating Gender Diversity -- 9.7 Talking about Men and Women -- 9.7.1 Generic he and man -- 9.7.2 Family names and addresses.; 9.7.3 Relationships of association -- 9.7.4 Labeling -- 9.8 The Question of Language Reform -- 9.9 Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 10 Dialects and Style -- 10.1 Types of Style Shifting -- 10.2 Attention to Speech -- 10.2.1 The patterning of stylistic variation across social groups -- 10.2.2 Limitations of the attention to speech approach -- 10.3 Audience Design -- 10.3.1 The effects of audience on speech style -- 10.3.2 Questions concerning audience design -- 10.4 Speaker Design Approaches -- 10.4.1 Three approaches to style, "three waves" of quantitative sociolinguistic study -- 10.4.2 Studying stylistic variation from a speaker-design perspective -- 10.5 Further Considerations -- 10.6 Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 11 The Application of Dialect Study -- 11.1 Dialects and Assessment Testing -- 11.1.1 "Correctness" in assessing language achievement and development -- 11.1.2 Testing linguistic knowledge -- 11.1.3 Using language to test other knowledge -- 11.1.4 The testing situation -- 11.2 Teaching Mainstream American English -- 11.2.1 What standard? -- 11.2.2 Approaches to MAE -- 11.2.3 Can MAE be taught? -- 11.3 Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 12 Dialect Awareness: Extending Application -- 12.1 Dialects and Reading -- 12.2 Dialect Influence in Written Language -- 12.3 Literary Dialect -- 12.4 Proactive ; Dialect Awareness Programs -- 12.5 Venues of Engagement -- 12.6 A Curriculum on Dialects -- 12.7 Scrutinizing Sociolinguistic Engagement -- 12.8 Further Reading -- Websites -- References -- Appendix: An Inventory of Distinguishing Dialect Features -- Phonological Features -- Consonants -- Grammatical Features -- The Verb Phrase -- Adverbs -- Negation -- Nouns and Pronouns -- Other Grammatical Structures -- References -- Glossary -- Reference -- Index -- EULA.

Human Rights Violations in Latin America : Reparation and Rehabilitation / / edited by Elizabeth Lira, Marcela Cornejo, Germán Morales

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910568242103321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Cham : , : Springer International Publishing : , : Imprint : Springer, , 2022
• ISBN: 3-030-97542-8
• Edizione: [1st ed. 2022.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (291 pages)
• Collana: Peace Psychology Book Series, , 2197-5787
• Disciplina: 323.098
• Soggetti: Psychology; Political psychology; Behavioral Sciences and Psychology; Peace Psychology
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: Chapter 1. Psychology and Human Rights. An introduction -- Section I -- Chapter 2. Psychology and Human Rights in Chile. Assistance, Registration, Denunciation, Rehabilitation, and Reparation -- Chapter 3. Method of Forced Disappearance and Trials for Crimes Against Humanity: A Dialogue between the Legal and Subjective Dimensions. Specifics of the Argentine Case -- Chapter 4. Locating Children Appropriated by Dictatorships of the Southern Cone: Questioning Identities -- Chapter 5. Photography and Film in the Experience of Identity Restitution: Writing with Light -- Section II -- Chapter 6. The Method and Methodology of Psychosocial Accompaniment Work: A Contribution for At-Risk Defenders in Mexico -- Chapter 7. ; Construction of a Model of Psychosocial Care and Support. Training of Peer Psychosocial Companions: An Experience from Mexico -- Section III -- Chapter 8. Psychotherapy with Former Political Prisoners in Uruguay: The Vision of the therapists -- Chapter 9. Arpilleras of Sexual and Domestic Violence in Post-War Guatemala: Accompaniment in Processes of Psychosocial Reparation -- Chapter 10. Group Therapeutic Strategies and Human Rights. Human Rights Violations in Chile -- Section IV -- Chapter 11. El Mozote Massacre: Expert Research and Challenges of Psychosocial Reparation -- Chapter 12. Psychosocial Work in the Transitional Justice Framework: The Women of Sepur Zarco -- Chapter 13. Contribution of the Psycho-forensic Evidence in the Inter-American Court in the Case of Lonkos and Mapuche Indigenous Leaders versus Chile. Section V -- Chapter 14. Testimony and Symbolic Reparation: The Clinica do Testemunho Project in Rio de Janeiro -- Chapter 15. The Clinics of Testimony: New Ways of Recognition through Group Listening to Military Personnel -- Chapter 16. Colonia Dignidad: Lights and Shadows in the Recognition of the Victims -- Section VI -- Chapter 17. Political Transition and Social Reparation in Venezuela: Challenges of Democratic Reconstruction -- Chapter 18. Psychology and Human Rights in Colombia: Contributions to Peacebuilding -- Chapter 19. Working Mental Health in Peru.
• Sommario/riassunto: A timely contribution to the study of peace psychology in Latin America, this volume describes clinical, psychosocial, and community interventions with victims from Mexico to Chile from the 1970s onward. Chapters analyze how to conceptualize complex processes such as the appropriation of children and political repression, raising psychological, juridical, and political implications for the victims, their families, human rights organizations, and society. Also included are studies and analyses of political processes in countries currently undergoing crises such as Venezuela and Colombia and the challenges posed by the peace process from a political psychology perspective. All authors present the results of studies or clinical cases illustrating creative methodologies and practices in different contexts. This book provides the context for differences in the victims' damages and the treatment approaches and methodologies adopted in each case. The authors outline psychological perspectives grounded in ethical and professional choices based on recognizing people's dignity while seeking rehabilitation and reparations for victims, families, and communities. It paves the way for reparations and rehabilitation, and ultimately to the establishment of democracy and peace in this part of the world. Readers will benefit from understanding the relationship between mental health and human rights understanding ethical and professional dimensions a broadened knowledge of working with victims.