African Soil Protection Law : Mapping out options for a model legislation for improved sustainable soil management in Africa - a comparative legal analysis from Kenya, Cameroon and Zambia

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910557775603321
• Autore: Ginzky Harald
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Baden-Baden, 2021; Baden-Baden : , : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, , 2021; ©2021
• ISBN: 9783748908043; 3748908040
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 electronic resource (528 p.)
• Collana: Recht und Verfassung in Afrika - Law and Constitution in Africa ; Bd. 41
• Altri autori (Persone): RuppelOliver C
• Soggetti: LNKJ,LNCQ
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Executive summary -- 1 The project -- 1.1 Preparatory work -- 1.2 Project design -- 1.3 Selection of project countries -- 1.4 Processing method -- 1.5 Cooperation with the Pan-African Parliament -- 2 Project results -- 2.1 Setting the scene -- 2.2 Proposed options -- 2.2.1 Framework legislation -- 2.2.2 Climate change, land and soil -- 2.2.3 Agriculture -- 2.2.4 Livestock -- 2.2.5 Industrial facilities -- 2.2.6 Mining -- 2.2.7 Infrastructure -- 2.2.8 Urbanisation -- 2.2.9 Clarity of land tenure -- 2.2.10 Control of foreign investors -- 3 Institutional arrangements -- 4 Procedures and procedural rights -- 5 The role of science -- 6 Global, continental and regional cooperation -- 7 The way forward -- Country report for Cameroon -- 1 Country information -- 1.1 Geography and climatic conditions -- 1.2 Economy -- 1.3 Society -- 1.4 Information on the organisational structure of Cameroon -- 1.4.1 Legal system and legal tradition -- 1.4.2 Competence of legislation -- 1.4.3 Competence of law enforcement -- 1.4.4 The Constitution, statutory and customary law -- 2 Soil degradation -- 2.1 The state of the environment -- 2.2 Different types of soil and their vulnerability in terms of degradation -- 2.3 Main drivers of soil degradation -- 2.3.1 Agriculture -- 2.3.2 Mining -- 2.3.3 Wildfires, farming, hunting, and cattle rearing -- 2.3.4 Industrial ; sites -- 2.3.5 Urban sprawls -- 2.3.6 Demographic growth rate -- 2.3.7 Weather and climate factors -- 2.3.8 Topographic constraints -- 2.3.9 Land-grabbing -- 2.3.10 Other causes or drivers of soil degradation -- 2.4 Key actors in soil degradation -- 2.5 Conclusion -- 3 General information on public soil legislation -- 3.1 Policy frameworks, government strategies, action plans, etc. -- 3.1.1 International policies relevant to soil protection.; 3.1.2 National policies relevant to soil protection -- 3.2 Relevant international law for the protection of soils -- 3.2.1 Relevant international soft law commitments -- 3.2.2 Relevant international hard law instruments -- 3.3 Relevant national legal provisions for the protection of soil -- 3.3.1 The Constitution -- 3.3.2 Legislation on land tenure -- 3.3.3 Public environmental law -- 3.3.4 Environmental monitoring -- 3.3.5 Cross-cutting issues -- 3.4 Relevant ministries and state institutions and their responsibilities -- 3.4.1 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development -- 3.4.2 Ministry of State Property, Surveys and Land Tenure -- 3.4.3 Ministry of Environment, Protection of Nature and Sustainable Development -- 3.4.4 Ministry of Forests and Wildlife -- 3.4.5 Ministry of Economy, Planning and Regional Development -- 3.4.6 Ministry of Urban Development and Housing -- 3.4.7 Ministry of Trade -- 3.4.8 Ministry of Mines, Industry and Technological Development -- 3.4.9 Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation -- 3.4.10 Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries -- 3.4.11 Institute of Research for Agricultural Development -- 3.4.12 Inter-Ministerial Committee for the Environment -- 3.4.13 National Consultative Commission for the Environment and Sustainable Development -- 3.4.14 Regional and local authorities -- 3.4.15 National Council for Planning and Sustainable Development of the Territory -- 3.5 Conclusion -- 4 Legislation on main drivers of soil degradation: Strengths and weaknesses -- 4.1 Agriculture -- 4.1.1 Relevant legal provisions -- 4.1.2 Enforcement issues -- 4.1.3 Monitoring -- 4.1.4 And what's more? -- 4.2 Mining -- 4.2.1 Relevant legal provisions -- 4.2.2 Monitoring -- 4.2.3 The role of foreign investors -- 4.3 Industrial development.; 4.4 Demographic growth, urban sprawl and land-planning regulatory frameworks -- 4.5 Climate change law and soil degradation -- 4.6 Land tenure insecurity: Relevant legal provisions and associated problems -- 4.6.1 Ordinance No. 74/2 of 6 July 1974 establishing the rules governing state lands -- 4.6.2 Ordinance No. 74/1 of 6 July 1974 establishing the rules governing land tenure -- 4.6.3 Decree No. 76/166 of 27 April 1976 establishing the terms and conditions for the management of national lands -- 4.6.4 Circular No. 001/CAB/PM of 1 April 2014 relating to measures applicable to investors on access to land -- 4.6.5 Law No. 85/009 of 4 July 1985 relating to expropriation on grounds of public utility and the modalities for the payment of indemnities -- 4.6.6 Traditional law -- 4.6.7 Conflicts and means of resolution -- 4.6.8 Land tenure legislation and associated land-grabbing -- 4.6.9 Relationship of landownership and environmental responsibility -- 4.7 Wildfires, hunting and cattle rearing -- 4.8 Conclusion -- 5 Lessons learnt and recommendations -- 5.1 Positive lessons learnt and opportunities for soil protection -- 5.2 Negative lessons learnt -- 5.3 Recommendations -- Country report for Kenya -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Country information -- 2.1 Religion -- 2.2 Climatic conditions -- 2.3 Population -- 2.4 Literacy levels -- 2.5 The economy -- 2.6 National debt -- 2.7 Kenya's political system and governance -- 2.8 Legislative authority -- 2.9 Environmental dispute resolution -- 3 Main drivers and causes of soil degradation -- 3.1 Kenya soil profile -- 3.2 The main drivers of soil degradation -- 3.2.1 ; Agriculture -- 3.2.2 Mining -- 3.2.3 Industrial activities -- 3.2.4 Soil erosion -- 3.2.5 Unregulated urban and infrastructural development -- 3.2.6 Climate change -- 3.2.7 Brownfield sites -- 3.3 Other threats to soil.; 3.3.1 Topographic features -- 3.3.2 Soil contamination -- 3.3.3 Soil compaction -- 3.3.4 Salinity and sodicity -- 3.3.5 Soil erodibility -- 3.3.6 Poor rangeland management -- 3.3.7 Loss of forest cover -- 3.3.8 Biodiversity loss -- 3.3.9 Poverty -- 3.3.10 Encroachment of fresh water and wetland ecosystems -- 3.4 Key actors in soil degradation -- 3.4.1 Investors -- 3.4.2 Government -- 3.4.3 Farmers -- 3.4.4 Pastoralists -- 3.5 Conclusion -- 4 Background on soil legislation -- 4.1 Historical perspective -- 4.2 Colonial laws, policies and plans -- 4.2.1 Crown Lands Ordinance, No. 21 of 1902 -- 4.2.2 Crown Lands Ordinance, 1915 -- 4.2.3 Native Lands Trust Ordinance, 1938 -- 4.2.4 Agricultural Policy, 1944 -- 4.2.5 African Courts Ordinance, 1951 -- 4.2.6 Swynnerton Plan, 1954 -- 4.3 Selected soil conservation initiatives in post-independence Kenya -- 4.3.1 National Soil and Water Conservation Project -- 4.3.2 Permanent Presidential Commission on Soil Conservation and Afforestation -- 4.4 Types of conservation measure that have been used in Kenya -- 4.4.1 Terraces -- 4.4.2 Conservation agriculture -- 4.4.3 Cover crop for soil fertility and erosion control -- 4.4.4 Green manure -- 4.4.5 Agroforestry -- 4.4.6 Hedges -- 4.4.7 Improved fallows -- 4.4.8 Vegetation strips -- 4.4.9 Conservation and regeneration measures -- 4.4.10 Contour farming -- 4.4.11 Trash lines -- 4.4.12 Cut-off drains, retention and infiltration ditches -- 4.5 Conclusion -- 5 Legislation on the main drivers of soil degradation -- 5.1 International instruments relevant to soil protection -- 5.1.1 Convention on Biological Diversity -- 5.1.2 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (2011-2020) and Aichi Biodiversity Targets (2020) -- 5.1.3 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification -- 5.1.4 Land degradation-neutrality.; 5.2 Regional policies and instruments -- 5.2.1 African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1968 -- 5.2.2 Action Plan of the African Union/New Partnership for Africa's Development Environment Initiative -- 5.2.3 NEPAD's Initiative for the Resilience and Restoration of African Landscapes -- 5.2.4 Protocol Concerning Protected Areas and Wild Fauna and Flora in the Eastern African Region, 1985 -- 5.3 National policies -- 5.3.1 National Environment Policy, 2014 -- 5.3.2 National Land Policy, 2009 -- 5.3.3 National Land Use Policy, 2017 -- 5.3.4 National Climate Change Action Plan, 2013 -- 5.4 National Laws -- 5.4.1 The Constitution of Kenya, 2010 -- 5.4.2 Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999 -- 5.4.3 Forest Conservation and Management Act, 2016 -- 5.4.4 Water Act, 2016 -- 5.4.5 Climate Change Act, 2016 -- 5.4.6 Land laws -- 5.4.7 Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Authority Act, 2013 -- 5.4.8 Crops Act, 2013 -- 5.4.9 Irrigation Act, 2019 -- 5.4.10 Plant Protection Act, 2012 -- 5.4.11 Mining Act, 2016 -- 5.4.12 Environment and Land Court Act, 2011 -- 5.4.13 Fertilizers and Animal Foodstuffs Act -- 5.5 Jurisprudence on environmental protection -- 5.6 Conclusion -- 6 Lessons learnt and recommendations for future legislation -- 6.1 Lessons learnt -- 6.2 Recommendations -- 6.3 Elements of a soil-specific legislation -- Country report for Zambia -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Geographic and climatic information -- 1.2 Historical background, demographic information and education -- 1.3 Main economic activities -- 1.3.1 Mining -- 1.3.2 Agriculture -- 1.3.3 Manufacturing -- 1.3.4 Energy -- 1.3.5 Construction -- 1.3.6 Tourism -- 1.4 Gross national product -- 1.5 National debt -- 1.6 Foreign investments -- 2 Information on ; government organisational structure -- 2.1 Legal system / tradition.; 2.2 Competence of legislation and enforcement.
• Sommario/riassunto: The protection of soil and the sustainable management of soils is a precondition for sustainable development, food security and the survival of humankind. Africa is the continent with the least land degradation. Yet, the pressure on soils is already enormous and continuously increasing due to a range of factors, including poverty, over-exploitation, population growth and climate change. Drivers of unsustainable soil management include overstocking, overgrazing, water erosion, landslides, and over-application of agro-chemicals. In light of this, the underlying legal, societal and political conditions have been comparatively analysed in “African Soil Protection Law”. Distinct country studies from Kenya, Cameroon and Zambia serve to comparatively expose the serious impediments of soil in Africa. While mapping out options for model legislation for improved sustainable soil management in Africa, the publication addresses intertwined, interdisciplinary and complex questions pertaining to soils, which may also be of comparative interest to other continents and jurisdictions.