Management of radioactive waste / / Jean-Claude Amiard

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910555299603321
• Autore: Amiard J. C.
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: London, England ; ; Hoboken, New Jersey : , : ISTE : , : Wiley, , [2021]; ©2021
• ISBN: 1-119-86647-2; 1-119-86648-0; 1-119-86646-4
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (288 pages)
• Collana: Ecological sciences series, radioactive risk set ; ; Volume 5
• Disciplina: 621.4838
• Soggetti: Radioactive wastes - Management
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Classifications and Origins of Radioactive Waste -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. What is radioactive waste? -- 1.3. Classifications of nuclear waste -- 1.3.1. General information on the classification of radioactive waste -- 1.3.2. The IAEA's recommendations -- 1.3.3. The French classification of radioactive waste -- 1.3.4. American classification -- 1.3.5. British classification -- 1.3.6. Russian classification -- 1.3.7. Comparisons of the various classifications -- 1.3.8. Classification of sealed sources -- 1.4. Origins of nuclear waste -- 1.4.1. The main radionuclides in radioactive waste -- 1.4.2. Wastes related to the nuclear fuel cycle -- 1.4.3. Nuclear waste from electricity production -- 1.4.4. Nuclear waste related to military activities -- 1.4.5. Wastes related to medical and industrial uses -- 1.4.6. Nuclear waste related to the dismantling of nuclear installations -- 1.4.7. Waste from nuclear accidents -- 1.5. The global radioactive waste balance -- 1.6. Conclusions -- 2. Nuclear Waste Disposal Methods -- 2.1. Introduction. How do we get rid of nuclear waste? What solutions are there for nuclear waste in the future? -- 2.2. Nuclear waste management -- 2.2.1. Dilutions -- 2.2.2. Decontamination -- 2.2.3. Reduction of the volume of radioactive waste -- 2.2.4. Radioactive waste immobilizations -- 2.2.5. The ; separation of radionuclides -- 2.2.6. Packaging of radioactive waste packages -- 2.2.7. Physical decay -- 2.2.8. Final storage -- 2.2.9. Transport of nuclear materials and radioactive waste -- 2.3. The special case of long-lived radioactive waste management -- 2.3.1. Treatment and packaging -- 2.3.2. Temporary storage facilities -- 2.3.3. Long-term storage -- 2.3.4. Storage in the seabed.; 2.3.5. Geological storage in a deep continental repository -- 2.3.6. Sending into space -- 2.3.7. Immobilization in polar ice -- 2.3.8. Transmutation -- 2.4. Conclusions -- 3. Management of Historic Radioactive Waste and Low-level Waste Around the World -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Management of historical radioactive waste -- 3.2.1. Uranium extraction and concentration waste -- 3.2.2. Direct discharges of liquid wastes into waterways and reservoirs -- 3.2.3. Historical military waste -- 3.2.4. The ancient uses of radium -- 3.2.5. Submergence in the ocean floor -- 3.3. International recommendations of the IAEA and NEA -- 3.3.1. General recommendations -- 3.3.2. Recommendations concerning graphite waste -- 3.3.3. Radioactive waste management solutions -- 3.3.4. Waiting and processing time for nuclear fuel -- 3.3.5. The need for teaching -- 3.4. Some examples of radioactive waste management -- 3.4.1. International inventories of radioactive waste -- 3.4.2. Surface storage -- 3.4.3. Geological disposal of radioactive waste -- 3.5. Radioactive waste outside the nuclear fuel cycle -- 3.5.1. Hospital and healthcare waste -- 3.5.2. Industrial and research waste -- 3.6. Conclusions -- 4. Management of Intermediateand High-level Nuclear Waste -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. International recommendations of the IAEA and NEA -- 4.2.1. Spent fuel management -- 4.2.2. Management of radioactive waste resulting from a nuclear accident -- 4.2.3. Final repositories in deep geological layers -- 4.2.4. Site selection criteria -- 4.2.5. Temporal evolution of a deep geological repository -- 4.2.6. Underground laboratory -- 4.2.7. Retrievability and recovery -- 4.2.8. Safety file -- 4.2.9. Decision-making -- 4.2.10. Long-term evolution and post-closure monitoring -- 4.3. High-level radioactive waste management and the public.; 4.3.1. Public perception of the geological repository project -- 4.3.2. Public information or communication about the geological repository project -- 4.3.3. Measures to support a radioactive waste management project -- 4.3.4. Public participation in the geological repository project -- 4.3.5. Information for future generations -- 4.4. Alternative solutions -- 4.4.1. Underwater temporary storage -- 4.4.2. An interim solution: dry storage -- 4.4.3. A waiting stage: long-term storage -- 4.4.4. The American perspective of deep drilling -- 4.5. Management of high-level radioactive waste by the various States -- 4.5.1. States advocating a closed nuclear fuel cycle -- 4.5.2. States that have reprocessed spent fuel in the past -- 4.5.3. States with an open nuclear fuel cycle -- 4.6. Conclusions -- 5. Nuclear Waste Management in France -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Direct discharges into the environment -- 5.2.1. The nuclear study centers -- 5.2.2. Nuclear reactors -- 5.2.3. Fuel cycle plants -- 5.3. The inventory of nuclear waste in France -- 5.3.1. Military waste -- 5.3.2. Civilian waste -- 5.4. Nuclear waste management in France -- 5.4.1. The regulatory context -- 5.4.2. The National Radioactive Materials and Waste Management Plan (PNGMDR) -- 5.4.3. The different actors in nuclear waste management in France -- 5.5. The organization of storage for identified waste -- 5.5. The organization of storage for identified waste -- 5.5.1. The various types of containers -- 5.5.2. The management of very short-lived radioactive waste -- 5.5.3. Management of very low-level radioactive waste -- 5.5.4. Disposal centers for lowand intermediate-level short-lived nuclear waste in France -- 5.5.5. ; Management of low-level, long-lived nuclear waste in France -- 5.5.6. Management of long-lived intermediateand high-level waste in France.; 5.5.7. Fierce opposition and the arrival of social problems -- 5.5.8. A centralized pool as an interim option -- 5.5.9. Radioactive waste from the reprocessing of foreign spent fuel -- 5.6. The management of specific waste and waste without a channel -- 5.6. The management of specific waste and waste without a channel -- 5.6.1. Management of historical waste -- 5.6.2. Storage of tritiated waste -- 5.6.3. Waste of natural origin -- 5.6.4. Submerged waste -- 5.7. French challenges to the radioactive waste management policy -- 5.8. Conclusions -- 5.8.1. Shortcomings in several categories of radioactive waste -- 5.8.2. Recent developments in French nuclear policy -- 5.8.3. Policy change on the closed cycle? -- 5.8.4. Redefinition of radioactive waste and radioactive material -- 5.8.5. The cost of waste management -- 6. General Conclusions -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. The main problems concerning radioactive waste -- 6.2.1. The problem of multiple classifications -- 6.2.2. Radioactive waste or nuclear material? -- 6.2.3. Waste without a channel -- 6.2.4. Long-lived waste -- 6.2.5. Very low-level waste -- 6.3. Innovations in radioactive waste management -- 6.3.1. Research on separation and transmutation -- 6.3.2. Research on the aging of packaging -- 6.3.3. Research on recycled nuclear fuel and cladding -- 6.3.4. Research on deep burial -- 6.3.5. Communication to the public -- List of Acronyms -- References -- Index -- Other titles from iSTE in Ecological Science -- EULA.