Enzymatic and chemical synthesis of nucleic acid derivatives / / edited by Jesus Fernandez-Lucas, Maria-Jose Camarasa Rius

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910555166603321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Wienhem, Germany : , : Wiley-VCH Verlag, , 2019
• ISBN: 3-527-81207-5; 3-527-81209-1; 3-527-81210-5
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (351 pages)
• Disciplina: 574.8732
• Soggetti: Nucleic acids - Synthesis; Electronic books.
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Enzymatic Synthesis of Nucleoside Analogues by Nucleoside Phosphorylases -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Nucleosides and Nucleoside Analogues -- 1.1.2 Enzymes Involved in the Enzymatic Synthesis of Nucleoside Analogues -- 1.2 Nucleoside Phosphorylases -- 1.2.1 Classification and Substrate Spectra of Nucleoside Phosphorylases -- 1.2.1.1 Nucleoside Phosphorylase‐I Family -- 1.2.1.2 Nucleoside Phosphorylase‐II Family -- 1.2.2 Limitations in the Current Classification -- 1.2.3 Reaction Mechanism -- 1.2.4 Domain Structure and Active Site Residues of Nucleoside Phosphorylases -- 1.2.4.1 NP‐I Family Members -- 1.2.4.2 NP‐II Family Members -- 1.3 Enzymatic Approaches to Produce Nucleoside Analogues Using Nucleoside Phosphorylases -- 1.3.1 One‐pot Two‐Step Transglycosylation Reaction -- 1.3.2 Pentofuranose‐1‐phosphate as Universal Glycosylating Substrate for Nucleoside Phosphorylase (NP) -- 1.3.2.1 Nucleoside Synthesis from Chemically Synthesized Pentose‐1P -- 1.3.2.2 Nucleosides Synthesis from d‐Glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate -- 1.3.2.3 Nucleoside Synthesis from d‐Pentose -- 1.3.2.4 Nucleoside Synthesis from Enzymatically Produced Pentose‐1P -- 1.4 Approaches to Produce Nucleoside Analogues -- 1.4.1 Whole Cell Catalysis -- 1.4.2 Crude Enzyme Extract -- 1.4.3 Application of Purified Enzymes -- ; 1.4.3.1 Immobilized Enzymes -- 1.4.3.2 Enzyme Reactors -- 1.5 Upscaling Approaches for the Production of Nucleoside Analogues -- 1.6 Production of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds by Nucleoside Phosphorylases -- 1.7 Outlook for the Application of Nucleoside Phosphorylase in the Production of Nucleoside Analogues -- References -- Chapter 2 Enzymatic Phosphorylation of Nucleosides -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nonspecific Acid Phosphatases (NSAPs) -- 2.3 Deoxyribonucleoside Kinases (dNKs) -- 2.4 Conclusion.; References -- Chapter 3 Enzymatic Synthesis of Nucleic Acid Derivatives Using Whole Cells -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Nucleoside Synthesis Mediated by Microbial Nucleoside Phosphorylases -- 3.3 Nucleoside Analogues Synthesis by the Combined Action of Microbial Nucleoside Phosphorylases and Other Enzymes -- 3.3.1 Nucleoside Phosphorylases Coupled to Deaminases -- 3.3.2 Nucleoside Phosphorylases Coupled to Phosphopentomutase -- 3.3.3 Nucleoside Phosphorylases Coupled to Phosphopentomutase and Other Enzymes -- 3.3.4 Nucleoside Phosphorylases Coupled to Other Enzymes -- 3.4 Chemoenzymatic Preparation of Nonconventional Nucleoside Analogues Involving Whole Cell Biocatalyzed Key Steps -- 3.4.1 l‐Nucleosides -- 3.4.2 Carbocyclic Nucleosides -- 3.4.3 C‐Nucleosides -- 3.5 Nucleoside Prodrugs Preparation by Whole Cell Systems -- 3.5.1 Acylnucleosides -- 3.5.2 Nucleoside Phosphates -- 3.6 Other Nucleoside Derivatives -- 3.6.1 NDP -- 3.6.2 NDP‐sugar -- 3.7 Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 4 Enzymatic Synthesis of Nucleic Acid Derivatives by Immobilized Cells -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Nucleic Acid Derivatives -- 4.3 Whole Cell Immobilization: Generalities -- 4.4 Synthesis of Nucleosides by Immobilized Cells -- 4.4.1 Natural Nucleoside Synthesis -- 4.4.2 Nucleoside Analogues Synthesis -- 4.4.3 Nucleoside Analogues Derivatives Synthesis -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Enzymatic Synthesis of Nucleic Acid Derivatives by Immobilized Enzymes -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Immobilized Glycosyltransferases -- 5.2.1 Immobilized Nucleoside Phosphorylases -- 5.2.1.1 Stabilization of Nucleoside Phosphorylases by Immobilization -- 5.2.1.2 Synthesis of Nucleosides Catalyzed by Immobilized Nucleoside Phosphorylases -- 5.2.2 Immobilized Nucleoside 2'‐Deoxyribosyltransferases -- 5.2.2.1 Stabilization of Nucleoside 2'‐Deoxyribosyltransferases by Immobilization.; 5.2.2.2 Synthesis of Nucleosides Catalyzed by Immobilized 2'‐Deoxyribosyltransferases -- 5.2.3 Immobilized Nucleobase Phosphoribosyltransferases -- 5.3 Immobilized Nucleoside Oxidase -- 5.4 Immobilized Hydrolases -- 5.4.1 Immobilized Lipases -- 5.4.2 Immobilized Proteases -- 5.4.3 Immobilized Esterases -- 5.4.4 Immobilized Deaminases -- 5.4.5 Immobilized S‐Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolases -- 5.5 Immobilized Phosphopentomutases -- 5.6 Immobilized Deoxyribonucleoside Kinases -- References -- Chapter 6 Synthesis of Nucleic Acid Derivatives by Multi‐Enzymatic Systems -- 6.1 Multi‐Enzymatic Systems in Biosynthesis -- 6.2 General Overview of Multi‐Enzymatic Synthesis of Nucleic Acid Derivatives -- 6.3 Multi‐Enzymatic Synthesis of Nucleosides and Their Derivatives -- 6.3.1 Multi‐Enzymatic Synthesis of Nucleosides and Their Analogues by Nucleoside Phosphorylase -- 6.3.2 Transglycosylation Coupled with Xanthine Oxidase -- 6.3.3 Transglycosylation Reactions Coupled with Deamination -- 6.3.4 ADase in Combination with Lipase -- 6.3.5 Esterification of Nucleosides -- 6.3.6 Multi‐Enzymatic Synthesis of Fluorine Nucleosides -- 6.3.7 Multi‐Enzymatic Synthesis of Nucleosides via R5P -- 6.3.8 Other Reactions -- 6.4 Multi‐Enzymatic Synthesis of Nucleotides and Their Derivatives -- 6.4.1 Multi‐Enzymatic Synthesis of NMPs and dNMPs -- 6.4.2 Multi‐; Enzymatic Synthesis of NTPs and dNTPs -- 6.4.3 Multi‐Enzymatic Synthesis of NDP‐Sugars and Other NDP Derivatives -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Enzymatic Synthesis Using Polymerases of Modified Nucleic Acids and Genes -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Types of XNA Biomolecules -- 7.3 Enzymatic Synthesis of XNA and DNA Polymerases -- 7.4 Base‐Modified XNAs (Base‐XNAs) -- 7.4.1 Nucleobase Analogues -- 7.4.1.1 Non‐Canonical Nucleotides -- 7.4.1.2 Amino‐acid‐Like Groups -- 7.4.1.3 Functional Tags -- 7.4.2 Unnatural Base Pairs.; 7.4.2.1 Hydrogen‐Bonding Base Pairs -- 7.4.2.2 Hydrophobic Base Pairs -- 7.5 Sugar‐Modified XNAs (Sugar‐XNAs) -- 7.5.1 Pentose‐XNA -- 7.5.2 2'‐Ribose‐XNA -- 7.6 Phosphodiester Backbone‐XNA -- 7.7 A Mirror‐Image l‐DNA -- 7.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Synthetic Approaches to the Fleximer Class of Nucleosides - A Historic Perspective -- 8.1 Distal Fleximers -- 8.1.1 Ribose Distal Fleximers -- 8.1.2 2'‐Deoxyribose Distal Fleximers -- 8.1.3 2'‐Modified Distal Fleximers -- 8.2 Proximal Fleximers -- 8.2.1 Ribose Proximal Fleximers -- 8.2.2 2'‐Deoxyribose Proximal Fleximers -- 8.2.3 Carbocyclic Proximal Fleximers -- 8.2.4 Proximal Fleximers from Other Groups -- 8.3 "Reverse" Fleximers -- 8.4 Acyclic Fleximers -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 Synthesis of Oligonucleotides Carrying Nucleic Acid Derivatives of Biomedical and Structural Interest -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Oligonucleotides Carrying the DNA Lesion O6‐Alkylguanine -- 9.3 The Effect of Chemical Modifications in Non‐Canonical DNA Structures -- 9.3.1 Triplex‐Forming Oligonucleotides -- 9.3.2 G‐quadruplex‐Forming Oligonucleotides -- 9.3.3 Oligonucleotides Forming i‐Motif Structures -- 9.4 Modified siRNAs for Gene Silencing -- 9.4.1 Modifications of the 3'‐Overhangs -- 9.4.2 Modifications of the 5'‐End -- References -- Chapter 10 Synthesis of Carbohydrate-Oligonucleotide Conjugates and Their Applications -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Synthesis of COCs -- 10.2.1 On‐Support Synthesis -- 10.2.1.1 Phosphoramidite Chemistry -- 10.2.1.2 Derivatization of Nucleoside Base Residues -- 10.2.1.3 Oximation Chemistry -- 10.2.1.4 Amide Chemistry -- 10.2.1.5 Urea Chemistry -- 10.2.1.6 CuAAC Chemistry -- 10.2.2 Solution‐Phase Conjugation -- 10.2.2.1 Disulfide Formation -- 10.2.2.2 Nucleophilic Addition on Unsaturated Carbon -- 10.2.2.3 Carbonyl Addition-Elimination Reaction.; 10.2.2.4 CuAAC Chemistry -- 10.2.2.5 Diazocoupling Reaction -- 10.2.2.6 Amide Bond Formation -- 10.2.2.7 Enzymatic Incorporation of Saccharides or Nucleotides -- 10.3 Synthesis of Glycocluster Oligonucleotides -- 10.3.1 dsDNA Scaffolds -- 10.3.2 Non‐Canonical DNA Scaffolds (G4 and three‐Way Junction) -- 10.3.3 Organic Spacer Scaffolds -- 10.3.4 Biomolecules as Scaffolds -- 10.4 Applications of COCs -- 10.4.1 Improving Cellular Uptake -- 10.4.2 Molecular Interactions Probes -- 10.4.3 Lectin Binding and Glycoarrays -- 10.5 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 11 Advances in Light‐Directed Synthesis of High‐Density Microarrays and Extension to RNA and 2'F‐ANA Chemistries -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Phosphoramidite Chemistry Applied to the Photolithographic Synthesis of Microarrays -- 11.3 Recent Improvements in the Synthesis of DNA Microarrays -- 11.4 Synthesis of RNA Microarrays -- 11.5 Enzymatic Approaches to RNA Array Synthesis -- 11.6 Synthesis of 2'F‐ANA Microarrays -- 11.7 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 12 SAMHD1‐Mediated Negative Regulation of Cellular dNTP Levels: HIV‐1, Innate Immunity, and Cancers -- 12.1 Cellular dNTP Concentrations -- 12.2 SAMHD1 and Negative Regulation of Cellular dNTPs -- 12.3 SAMHD1 Substrates, Activators, and Inhibitors -- 12.4 SAMHD1 and HIV‐1 ; Reverse Transcription -- 12.5 SAMHD1 Mutations and Innate Immunity -- 12.6 SAMHD1 and Cancers -- 12.7 Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Index -- EULA.

Navigating Interracial Borders: Black-White Couples & their Social Worlds

• Record Nr.: UNISA996200095103316
• Autore: Childs Erica Chito <1971->
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Rutgers University Press
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (264 p.)
• Disciplina: 306.846
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Francese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Sommario/riassunto: Is love color-blind, or at least becoming increasingly so? Today's popular rhetoric and evidence of more interracial couples than ever might suggest that it is. But is it the idea of racially mixed relationships that we are growing to accept or is it the reality? What is the actual experience of individuals in these partnerships as they navigate their way through public spheres and intermingle in small, close-knit communities? In Navigating Interracial Borders, Erica Chito Childs explores the social worlds of black-white interracial couples and examines the ways that collective attitudes shape private relationships. Drawing on personal accounts, in-depth interviews, focus group responses, and cultural analysis of media sources, she provides compelling evidence that sizable opposition still exists toward black-white unions. Disapproval is merely being expressed in more subtle, color-blind terms. Childs reveals that frequently the same individuals who attest in surveys that they approve of interracial dating will also list various reasons why they and their families wouldn't, shouldn't, and couldn't marry someone of another race. Even college students, who are heralded as racially tolerant and open-minded, do not view interracial couples as acceptable when those partnerships move beyond ; the point of casual dating. Popular films, Internet images, and pornography also continue to reinforce the idea that sexual relations between blacks and whites are deviant. Well-researched, candidly written, and enriched with personal narratives, Navigating Interracial Borders offers important new insights into the still fraught racial hierarchies of contemporary society in the United States.