Agitator design for gas-liquid fermenters and bioreactors / / Gregory T. Benz

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910555076203321
• Autore: Benz Gregory T.
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Hoboken, New Jersey : , : Wiley : , : AIChe, , [2021]; ©2021
• ISBN: 1-5231-4316-9; 1-119-65053-4; 1-119-65054-2; 1-119-65050-X
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (451 pages)
• Disciplina: 660.28449
• Soggetti: Bioreactors - Equipment and supplies; Electronic books.
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Foreword -- Foreword for Greg Benz -- Chapter 1 Purpose of Agitator Design -- References -- Chapter 2 Major Steps in Successful Agitator Design -- Define Process Results -- Define Process Conditions -- Choose Tank Geometry -- Calculate Equivalent Power/Airflow Combinations for Equal Mass Transfer Rate -- Choose Minimum Combined Power -- Choose Shaft Speed -- Size Impeller System to Draw Required Gassed Power -- Decision Point: D/T and Gassing Factors OK? -- Mechanical Design -- Decision Point: Is the Mechanical Design Feasible? -- Repeat to Find Lowest Cost -- Repeat for Different Aspect Ratios -- Repeat for Different Process Conditions -- Finish -- Summary of Chapter -- List of Symbols -- References -- Chapter 3 Agitator Fundamentals -- Agitated Tank Terminology -- Prime Mover -- Reducer -- Shaft Seal -- Wetted Parts -- Tank Dimensions -- How Agitation Parameters Are Calculated -- Reynolds Number -- Power Number -- Pumping Number -- Dimensionless Blend Time -- Aeration Number -- Gassing Factor -- Nusselt Number -- Froude Number -- Prandtl Number -- Geometric Ratios -- Baffle Number -- ; Dimensionless Hydraulic Force -- Thrust Number -- Typical Dimensionless Number Curves -- A Primer on Rheology -- Newtonian Model -- Pseudoplastic or Shear Thinning, Model (Aka Power Law Fluid) -- Bingham Plastic -- Herschel-Bulkley -- Impeller Apparent Viscosity -- A Bit of Impeller Physics -- Summary of Chapter -- List of Symbols -- Greek letters -- References -- Chapter 4 Agitator Behavior under Gassed Conditions -- Flooding -- kla Method -- Power Draw Method -- Visual Flow Pattern Method -- Effect on Power Draw -- Holdup -- Example of Holdup Calculation -- Holdup "War Story" -- Variable Gas Flow Operation -- Mechanical Effects -- Summary of Chapter -- List of Symbols -- References.; Chapter 5 Impeller Types Used in Fermenters -- Impeller Flow Patterns -- Axial Flow -- Radial Flow -- Mixed Flow -- Chaos Flow -- Examples of Axial Flow Impellers -- Low Solidity -- High Solidity -- Up-pumping vs. Down Pumping -- Examples of Radial Flow Impellers -- Straight Blade Impeller -- Disc, aka Rushton, Turbines -- Smith Turbines -- CD-6 Turbine by Chemineer -- aka Smith Turbine by Many Manufacturers -- Deeply Concave Turbines -- Deep Asymmetric Concave Turbine with Overhang (BT-6) -- Examples of Mixed Flow Impellers -- Examples of Chaos Impellers -- Shear Effects -- Specialty Impellers -- Summary of Chapter -- List of Symbols -- References -- Chapter 6 Impeller Systems -- Why Do We Need a System? -- Reaction Engineering -- Fermenter History -- Steps to Impeller System Design -- Choose Number of Impellers -- Choose Placement of Impellers -- Choose Type(s) of Impellers -- Choose Power Split or Distribution Among Impellers -- Choose D/T and/or Shaft Speed -- D/T Effects with Variable Gas Flowrates -- Conclusions on D/T Ratio -- Design to Minimize Shear Damage -- Sparger Design -- Ring Sparger -- Pre-dispersion -- Fine Bubble Diffuser -- Summary of Chapter -- List of Symbols -- References -- Chapter 7 Piloting for Mass Transfer -- Why Pilot for Mass Transfer -- Methods for Determining kla -- Sulfite Method -- Dynamic Method -- aka Dynamic Gassing/Degassing Method -- Steady-State Method -- aka Mass Balance Method -- Combined Dynamic and Steady-State Method -- Equipment Needed for Scalable Data -- Data Gathering Needs -- Experimental Protocol -- Summary of Chapter -- List of Symbols -- References -- Chapter 8 Power and Gas Flow Design and Optimization -- What This Chapter Is about -- Where We Are in Terms of Design -- Design with no Data -- Design with Limited Pilot Data -- Design with Full Data -- Choose Minimum Combined Power.; State of Design Completion -- Additional Considerations -- Summary of Chapter -- List of Symbols -- References -- Chapter 9 Optimizing Operation for Minimum Energy Consumption per Batch -- Purpose of This Chapter -- Prerequisite -- Conceptual Overview -- Detailed Procedure -- Minimizing Total Energy Usage -- Practical Design -- Additional Considerations -- Summary of Chapter -- List of Symbols -- References -- Chapter 10 Heat Transfer Surfaces and Calculations -- Purpose of This Chapter -- Design Philosophy -- Overview of the Problem -- Heat Sources -- Cooling Sources -- Heat Exchange Surface Overview -- Principle of Heat Transfer Calculation -- Calculations By Type of Surface -- Vessel Jacket, Agitated Side -- Simple Unbaffled Jacket, Jacket Side -- Dimple Jacket, Jacket Side -- Half-Pipe Coil, Jacket Side -- Helical Coil, Inside -- Helical Coil, Process Side -- Vertical Tube Bundle, Inside -- Vertical Tube Bundle, Process Side -- Plate Coil, Inside -- Plate Coil, Process Side -- Example Problem: Vertical Tube Bundle -- Problem Statement -- Problem Solution -- Additional Consideration: Effect on Power Draw -- Additional Consideration: Forces on Heat Exchange Surfaces Used ; as Baffles -- Additional Consideration: Wall Viscosity -- Additional Consideration: Effect of Gas -- External Heat Exchange Loops -- Summary of Chapter -- List of Symbols -- References -- Further Readings -- Chapter 11 Gasses Other Than Air and Liquids Other Than Water -- General Principle -- Comments on Some Specific Gasses -- Ammonia -- Carbon Dioxide -- Carbon Monoxide -- Hydrogen -- Methane -- Oxygen -- Economic Factors -- Disposal Factors -- Effects of Different Gasses on kla -- Effects of Different Gasses on Driving Force -- Operating Condition Effects -- Constraints on Outlet Concentration -- Safety -- Liquids Other Than Water -- Summary of Chapter -- List of Symbols.; References -- Chapter 12 Viscous Fermentation -- General Background -- Sources of Viscosity -- Viscosity Models for Broths -- Effect of Viscosity on Power Draw -- Example Problem -- Example Problem Answer -- Effect of Viscosity on kla -- Effect of Viscosity on Holdup -- Effect of Viscosity on Blend Time -- Effect of Viscosity on Flooding -- Caverns -- Estimating Cavern Size -- Xanthan and Gellan Gums -- Viscosity Models for Gums -- Installation Survey -- Effect of D/T and No. and Type of Impellers on Results in Xanthan Gum -- Production Curve -- Heat Transfer -- All-Axial Impeller Design -- Invisible Draft Tube vs. Axial/Radial Combination -- Mycelial Broths -- Typical Viscosity Model -- Morphology Effects -- Recommendations -- Summary of Chapter -- List of Symbols -- References -- Chapter 13 Three Phase Fermentation -- General Problem -- Effect on Mass Transfer -- Effect on Foam -- Emulsion vs. Suspension -- Complexity: How to Optimize Operation -- Summary of Chapter -- List of Symbols -- References -- Chapter 14 Use of CFD in Fermenter Design -- Purpose of This Chapter -- Basic Theory -- Methods of Presenting Data -- Velocity Distribution -- Cavern Formation -- Blending Progress -- Flow Around Coils -- Bubble Size, kla, Holdup -- DO Distribution -- Summary of Chapter -- List of Symbols -- References -- Chapter 15 Agitator Seal Design Considerations -- Introduction -- Terminology -- Main Functions of Fermenter Shaft Seals -- Common Types of Shaft Seals -- Material Considerations -- Methods of Lubricating Seals -- Seal Environmental Control and Seal Support System -- Seal Life Expectations -- Special Process Considerations -- Summary of Chapter -- Reference -- Chapter 16 Fermenter Agitator Mounting Methods -- Introduction -- Top Entering Methods -- Direct Nozzle Mount -- Beam Gear Drive Mount with Auxiliary Packing or Lip Seal.; Beams Tied into Vessel Sidewall -- Beam Gear Drive Mount with Auxiliary Mechanical Seal -- Beams Tied into Vessel Sidewall -- Beam Gear Drive Mount with Auxiliary Mechanical Seal -- Beams Tied into Building Structure -- Complete Drive and Seal Mount to Beams Tied into Vessel Sidewall, with Bellows Connector -- Complete Drive and Seal Mount to Beams Tied into Building Structure, with Bellows Connector -- Bottom Entering Methods -- Direct Nozzle Mount -- Floor Gear Drive Mount with Auxiliary Packing or Lip Seal -- Floor Gear Drive Mount with Auxiliary Mechanical Seal -- Floor Integrated Drive and Seal Mount with Bellows Connector -- Summary of Chapter -- References -- Chapter 17 Mechanical Design of Fermenter Agitators -- Introduction -- Impeller Design Philosophy -- Discussion on Hydraulic Force -- Shaft Design Philosophy -- Shaft Design Based on Stress -- Simple Example Problem -- Sample Problem with Steady Bearing -- Shaft Design Based On Critical Speed -- Cantilevered Designs -- Example Problem -- Units with Steady Bearings -- Solid Shaft vs. Hollow Shaft -- Role of FEA in Overall Shaft Design-Simplified Discussion -- Agitator Gear Drive Selection Concepts -- Early History -- Loads Imposed -- Handle or Isolate Loads? -- Handle Loads Option ; 1: Oversized Commercial Gear Drive -- Handle Loads Option 2: Purpose-Built Agitator Drive -- Isolate Loads Option 1: Hollow Quill Integrated Drive with Flexibly Coupled Extension Shaft -- Isolate Loads Option 2: Outboard Support Bearing Module -- Bearing Life Considerations -- Noise Considerations -- Torsional Natural Frequency -- Important or Useful Mechanical Design Features -- Summary of Chapter -- List of Symbols -- Greek Letters -- References -- Chapter 18 Sanitary Design -- Introduction -- Definitions -- Construction Principles -- Wetted Parts Construction Methods -- Welded Construction -- In-Tank Couplings.; Mounting Flange Area.

Providing Accountability through Transparency Act of 2019 : report of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, to accompany S. 395, to require each agency, in providing notice of a rule making, to include a link to a 100 word plain language summary of the proposed rule

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910712070703321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Washington : , : U.S. Government Publishing Office, , 2019
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (ii, 5 pages)
• Collana: Report / 116th Congress, 1st session, Senate ; ; 116-14
• Soggetti: Administrative regulation drafting - United States; Transparency in government - Law and legislation - United States; Administrative regulation drafting; Transparency in government - Law and legislation; Legislative materials.; United States
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: "March 25, 2019."
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.