Nano- and biocatalysts for biodiesel production / / edited by Avinash P. Ingle

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910554812003321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Hoboken, New Jersey : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , [2021]; ©2021
• ISBN: 1-119-72997-1; 1-119-73003-1; 1-119-72996-3
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (371 pages)
• Disciplina: 665.37
• Soggetti: Biodiesel fuels - Synthesis; Nanotechnology; Electronic books.
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 Biodiesel: Different Feedstocks, Conventional Methods, and Factors Affecting its Production -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Different Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production -- 1.2.1 Vegetable Sources -- 1.2.2 Waste Oils -- 1.2.3 Animal Fats -- 1.2.4 Microalga Oil -- 1.3 Conventional Methods of Biodiesel Production -- 1.3.1 Microemulsion -- 1.3.2 Pyrolysis or Thermal Cracking -- 1.3.3 Transesterification -- 1.4 Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production -- 1.4.1 Homogeneous Catalysts -- 1.4.1.1 Homogeneous Alkaline Catalysts -- 1.4.1.2 Homogeneous Acidic Catalysts -- 1.4.2 Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 1.4.2.1 Heterogeneous Alkaline Catalysts -- 1.4.2.2 Heterogeneous Acid Catalysts -- 1.4.3 Enzymatic Catalysts -- 1.4.4 Nanocatalysts -- 1.5 Effects of Different Factors on Biodiesel Production Yield -- 1.5.1 Reaction Temperature -- 1.5.2 Alcohol to Oil Molar Ratio -- 1.5.3 Reaction Time -- 1.5.4 Catalyst Dosage -- 1.5.5 pH -- 1.5.6 Mixing Rate -- 1.5.7 Fatty Acids -- 1.5.8 Water Content -- 1.6 Physical Properties of Biodiesel -- 1.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 Nano(Bio)Catalysts: An Effective Tool to Utilize Waste ; Cooking Oil for the Biodiesel Production -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Waste Cooking Oils -- 2.3 Pretreatment of WCOs -- 2.4 Transesterification Process -- 2.4.1 Kinetics of Transesterification -- 2.5 Enzymatic Biocatalysts -- 2.5.1 Lipases -- 2.5.1.1 Extracellular Lipases -- 2.5.1.2 Intracellular Lipases -- 2.6 Enzyme Immobilization Techniques -- 2.7 Physical Methods -- 2.7.1 Adsorption -- 2.7.2 Encapsulation -- 2.7.3 Entrapment -- 2.8 Chemical Methods -- 2.8.1 Covalent Bonding -- 2.8.2 Cross‐Linking -- 2.8.3 Summary -- 2.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 A Review on the Use of Bio/Nanostructured Heterogeneous Catalysts in Biodiesel Production.; 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Use of Micro‐ and Nanostructured Heterogeneous Catalysts in Biodiesel Production -- 3.2.1 Microstructured Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 3.2.1.1 Solid Acid Catalysts -- 3.2.1.2 Solid Base Catalysts -- 3.2.2 Nanostructured Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 3.2.2.1 Gas Condensation -- 3.2.2.2 Vacuum Deposition -- 3.2.2.3 Chemical Deposition -- 3.2.2.4 Sol‐Gel Method -- 3.2.2.5 Impregnation -- 3.2.2.6 Nanogrinding -- 3.2.2.7 Calcination‐Hydration‐Dehydration -- 3.3 Enzymatic Catalysis -- 3.3.1 Heterogeneous Biocatalysts (Lipases) and Their Immobilization -- 3.3.1.1 Physical Adsorption -- 3.3.1.2 Entrapment -- 3.3.1.3 Covalent Bonding -- 3.3.1.4 Cross‐Linking -- 3.3.2 Nano(Bio)Catalysts: Immobilization of Enzymes on Nanosupports -- 3.3.2.1 Nanoparticles -- 3.3.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes -- 3.3.2.3 Nanofibers -- 3.3.2.4 Nanocomposites -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Calcium‐Based Nanocatalysts in Biodiesel Production -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Nanocatalysts -- 4.3 CaO‐Based Nanocatalysts for Biodiesel Production -- 4.3.1 Synthesis and Characterization of CaO‐Based Nanocatalysts Using Waste Material -- 4.3.2 CaO Nanocatalysts Supported with Metal Oxides for Biodiesel Production -- 4.4 Effects of Different Parameters on Biodiesel Production -- 4.4.1 Reaction Time -- 4.4.2 Temperature -- 4.4.3 Methanol to Oil Molar Ratio -- 4.4.4 Catalyst Load -- 4.5 Reusability and Leaching of Nanocatalysts -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 Titanium Dioxide‐Based Nanocatalysts in Biodiesel Production -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Natural Occurrences of Titania -- 5.2.1 Rutile -- 5.2.2 Anatase -- 5.2.3 Rhombic Brookite -- 5.2.4 Kaolin Clays -- 5.2.5 Ilmenites or Manaccanite -- 5.3 Precursors Used for the Synthesis of TiO2 NPs -- 5.3.1 Titanium Tetrachloride -- 5.3.2 Titanium Tetraisopropoxide -- 5.3.3 Titanium Butoxide.; 5.4 Methods for the Synthesis of TiO2 NPs -- 5.4.1 Physical Methods -- 5.4.1.1 Ball Milling -- 5.4.1.2 Laser Ablation/Photoablation -- 5.4.1.3 Sputtering -- 5.4.2 Chemical Methods -- 5.4.2.1 Microemulsion -- 5.4.2.2 Precipitation -- 5.4.2.3 Sol‐Gel -- 5.4.2.4 Hydrothermal -- 5.4.2.5 Solvothermal -- 5.4.2.6 Electrochemical/Deposition -- 5.4.2.7 Sonochemical -- 5.4.2.8 Direct Oxidation -- 5.4.3 Biological Methods -- 5.4.3.1 Green Synthesis Using Plant Extracts -- 5.4.3.2 Microbial Synthesis -- 5.4.3.3 Enzyme‐Mediated Synthesis -- 5.5 Methods for the Synthesis of TiO2‐Based Nanocatalysts -- 5.5.1 Wet Impregnation -- 5.5.2 Dry Impregnation -- 5.6 TiO2‐Based Nanocatalysts for Biodiesel Production -- 5.6.1 Sulfated TiO2 Nanocatalysts -- 5.6.2 Alkaline TiO2 Nanocatalysts -- 5.6.3 Co‐Transition TiO2 Nanocatalysts -- 5.6.4 Alkali TiO2 Nanocatalysts -- 5.6.5 Bimetallic TiO2 Nanocatalysts -- 5.6.5.1 TiO2‐Pd‐Ni -- 5.6.5.2 TiO2‐Au‐Cu -- 5.7 Other TiO2 Nanocomposite Catalysts -- 5.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Zinc‐Based Nanocatalysts in Biodiesel Production -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Feedstocks Used for Biodiesel Production -- 6.2.1 Vegetable Oils -- 6.2.2 Microbial Oils -- 6.2.3 Animal Fats -- 6.2.4 Waste Oils -- 6.2.5 Biomass -- 6.3 ; Conventional Methods of Biodiesel Production -- 6.3.1 Pyrolysis -- 6.3.2 Transesterification -- 6.3.2.1 Homogeneous Acid and Base (Alkali)‐Catalyzed Transesterification -- 6.3.2.2 Heterogeneous Acid and Base (Alkali)‐Catalyzed Transesterification -- 6.3.2.3 Enzymatic Transesterification -- 6.4 Nanotechnology in Biodiesel Production -- 6.5 Zinc‐Based Nanocatalysts in Biodiesel Production -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Carbon‐Based Nanocatalysts in Biodiesel Production -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Feedstocks Used for Biodiesel Production -- 7.2.1 Vegetable Oils -- 7.2.2 Algae -- 7.2.3 Animal Fats.; 7.2.4 Waste Cooking Oils -- 7.3 Conventional Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 7.4 Carbon‐Based Heterogeneous Nanocatalysts -- 7.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes -- 7.4.2 Sulfonated Carbon Nanotubes -- 7.4.3 Graphene/Graphene Oxide‐Based Nanocatalysts -- 7.4.4 Carbon Nanofibers and Carbon Dots -- 7.4.5 Carbon Nanohorns -- 7.4.6 Other Carbon‐Based Nanocatalysts -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Functionalized Magnetic Nanocatalysts in Biodiesel Production -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Relevance of Heterogeneous Catalysis in Biodiesel Production -- 8.3 Surface Modification and Functionalization of NPs -- 8.4 Applications of Functionalized Magnetic Nanocatalysts in Biodiesel Production -- 8.4.1 Acid‐Functionalized Magnetic Nanocatalysts -- 8.4.2 Base‐Functionalized Magnetic Nanocatalysts -- 8.4.3 Magnetic Nanocatalysts Functionalized with Waste Materials -- 8.4.4 Ionic Liquid‐Immobilized Magnetic Nanocatalysts -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Bio‐Based Catalysts in Biodiesel Production -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Biodiesel: A Potential Source of Renewable Energy -- 9.2.1 Progress in Biodiesel Development -- 9.2.2 Development of Biodiesel in Malaysia -- 9.2.3 Biodiesel Feedstocks -- 9.2.3.1 PFAD as a Biodiesel Feedstock -- 9.2.4 Common Methods Used for Biodiesel Reaction -- 9.2.4.1 Esterification -- 9.2.4.2 Transesterification -- 9.3 Homogeneous Catalysis in Biodiesel Production -- 9.4 Heterogeneous Catalysis in Biodiesel Production -- 9.5 Catalyst Supports -- 9.5.1 Alumina -- 9.5.2 Silicate -- 9.5.3 Zirconium Oxide -- 9.5.4 Activated Carbon -- 9.6 Heterogeneous Bio‐Based Acid Catalysts -- 9.7 Synthesis of Bio‐Based Solid Acid Catalysts -- 9.7.1 Palm Tree Fronds and Spikelets -- 9.7.2 Jatropha curcas -- 9.7.3 Coconut Shells -- 9.7.4 Rice Husks -- 9.7.5 Bamboo -- 9.7.6 Cocoa Pod Husks -- 9.7.7 Hardwoods -- 9.7.8 Peanut Hulls -- 9.7.9 Wood Mixtures.; 9.7.10 Palm Kernel Shells -- 9.8 Magnetic Bio‐Based Catalysts for Biodiesel Production -- 9.9 Characterization of Bio‐Based Catalysts -- 9.9.1 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) -- 9.9.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FT‐IR) -- 9.9.3 X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD) -- 9.9.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) -- 9.9.5 Temperature‐Programmed Desorption - Ammonia (TPD‐NH3) -- 9.9.6 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Analysis -- 9.10 Reaction Parameters Affecting Biodiesel Production -- 9.10.1 Reaction Time -- 9.10.2 Catalyst Concentration -- 9.10.3 Methanol to Fat/Oil Molar Ratio -- 9.10.4 Reaction Temperature -- 9.10.5 Mixing Rate -- 9.11 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 Heterogeneous Nanocatalytic Conversion of Waste to Biodiesel -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Role of Catalysts in Biodiesel Production -- 10.3 Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production -- 10.3.1 First‐Generation Feedstocks or Edible Oils -- 10.3.2 Second‐Generation Feedstocks or Non‐Edible Oils -- 10.3.3 Third‐Generation Feedstocks or Algae -- 10.3.4 Other Feedstocks -- 10.4 Biodiesel Production Process -- 10.4.1 Acid‐Catalyzed Transesterification -- 10.4.1.1 Mechanism of Acid‐Catalyzed Transesterification -- 10.4.2 Alkali‐ or Base‐Catalyzed Transesterification -- 10.4.2.1 Mechanism of ; Alkali‐ or Base‐Catalyzed Transesterification -- 10.4.3 Other Types of Transesterification -- 10.5 Variables Affecting Transesterification -- 10.6 Heterogeneous Nanocatalysts for Biodiesel Production -- 10.7 Characterization of Nanoparticles Used for Biodiesel Production -- 10.7.1 X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD) -- 10.7.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 10.7.3 Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Analysis (EDX) -- 10.7.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) -- 10.7.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 10.7.6 Raman Spectroscopy -- 10.7.7 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT‐IR).; 10.7.8 X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).