Management of boreal forests : theories and applications for ecosystem services / / Seppo Kellomäki

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910551834903321
• Autore: Kellomäki Seppo
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2022]; ©2022
• ISBN: 9783030880248; 9783030880231
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (727 pages)
• Disciplina: 634.920948
• Soggetti: Forest management; Forest ecology; Biotic communities
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1: Background: Management of Forest for Varying Ecosystem Services -- 1.1 Forests for Human Well-Being -- 1.1.1 Global Forest Cover -- 1.1.2 Boreal Forests -- 1.1.3 Forest Ecosystem, Ecosystem Services, and Management -- 1.2 Management of Forest for Goods and Services in Ecological Context -- 1.2.1 Environment/Genotype Interaction and Management -- 1.2.2 Forest Structure and Management -- 1.2.3 Control of Ecosystem Structure and Functioning in Management -- 1.3 Management Strategies, Regimes, and Operations -- 1.4 Scope of the Book -- References -- Part I: Forest Environment of Boreal North and Forestry -- 2: Environmental Conditions, Site Types, and Climate Change -- 2.1 Forest Site, Productivity, and Climate Change -- 2.2 Climatic Conditions -- 2.2.1 Climate in Varying Scale -- 2.2.2 Radiation in Global Context -- 2.2.3 Total Radiation and Radiation Balance -- 2.2.4 Radiation Balance on Ground Surface -- 2.2.5 Thermal Conditions -- 2.2.6 Precipitation, Humidity, and Evaporation -- 2.2.7 Wind -- 2.2.8 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide -- 2.3 Interaction Between Climate and Forest Structure -- 2.3.1 Climatic Conditions and Forest Canopy -- 2.3.2 Radiation in Forest Canopy and Tree Crown, ; Interception of Radiation -- 2.3.3 Evaporation of Water in Forest Canopy -- 2.3.4 Wind in Forest Canopy -- 2.3.5 Interaction of Microclimatic Factors in Forest Canopy: Temperature of Foliage -- 2.4 Edaphic Conditions -- 2.4.1 Bedrock and Soils -- 2.4.2 Water in Soil -- 2.4.3 Soil Temperature -- 2.4.4 Nutrients -- 2.4.5 Site Types in Identifying Site Fertility -- 2.4.6 Site Index in Identifying Site Fertility -- 2.5 Changes in Climatic and Edaphic Conditions Under Global Warming -- 2.5.1 Global Climate Change -- 2.5.2 Past Climate Change and Changes Until Now.; 2.5.3 Future Climate Change: SRES Scenarios for Temperature and Precipitation -- 2.5.4 Future Climate Change: RCP Scenarios for Temperature and Precipitation -- 2.5.5 Climate Variability and Weather Extremes -- 2.5.6 Drought Episodes Under SRES and RCP Scenarios -- 2.5.7 Snow Cover -- 2.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part II: Structure and Functioning of Selected Boreal Trees -- 3: Selected Tree Species of Importance in Boreal North -- 3.1 Outline Taxonomy and Treelike Structure -- 3.1.1 Development of Treelike Structure -- 3.1.2 Meristematic Growth and Differentiation -- 3.1.3 Life Cycle of Trees Under Varying Environmental Conditions -- 3.2 Selected Tree Species of Importance in Forestry in Northern Europe -- 3.2.1 Main Coniferous and Deciduous Tree Species -- 3.2.2 Scots Pine -- 3.2.3 Norway Spruce -- 3.2.4 Pendula and Pubescent Birches -- 3.2.5 Black and Grey Alders -- 3.2.6 Aspen -- 3.2.7 Tree Species Composition and Productivity Across Boreal Zone in Finland -- 3.3 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 4: Structure of Selected Tree Species -- 4.1 Structure and Properties of Stem -- 4.1.1 Outline Structure of Stem -- 4.1.2 Wood -- 4.1.3 Bark -- 4.2 Structure and Properties of Crown -- 4.2.1 Branches and Shoots -- 4.2.2 Leaves and Needles -- 4.3 Structure and Properties of Roots -- 4.3.1 Coarse and Fine Roots -- 4.3.2 Mycorrhizae, Root Grafts, and Nodules -- 4.4 Structure of Whole Tree -- 4.4.1 Growth and Development of Tree Structure Over Time -- 4.4.2 Allometry Between Tree Organs -- 4.4.3 Allometry and Distribution of Growth in Different Parts of Stem in Relation to Crown -- 4.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5: Regeneration Biology of Selected Tree Species -- 5.1 Reproductive Cycle of Selected Boreal Trees -- 5.2 Flowering and Seed Crop.; 5.2.1 Outline of Reproductive in Coniferous and Deciduous Trees -- 5.2.2 Pollination, Fertilization, and Formation of Seeds -- 5.2.3 Development of Embryo and Structure of Seeds -- 5.2.4 Cycling of Flowering and Variability of Seed Crop -- 5.2.5 Capacity of Trees to Produce Seeds -- 5.3 Seeding -- 5.3.1 Dispersal of Seeds -- 5.3.2 Storing of Seeds in Site -- 5.4 Germination of Seeds and Development of Seedlings -- 5.4.1 Establishment and Initial Growth of Seedlings -- 5.4.2 Growth and Development of Seedling Population -- 5.5 Vegetative Regeneration -- 5.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 6: Physiology, Growth, and Acclimatizing of Boreal Tree Species to Climate -- 6.1 Growth with Links to Physiology of Trees -- 6.1.1 Interaction Between Metabolism of Tree and Environment -- 6.1.2 Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Growth -- 6.2 Photosynthesis -- 6.2.1 Diffusion of Carbon Dioxide into Leaves/Needles -- 6.2.2 Photosynthetic Reactions in Assimilation -- 6.2.3 Modelling Photosynthesis Based on Biochemical Processes -- 6.2.4 Carbon Uptake in Response to Seasonality of Temperature -- 6.2.5 Total Canopy Photosynthesis -- 6.3 Respiration and Biomass Growth -- 6.3.1 Growth and Maintenance Respiration -- 6.3.2 Use of Photosynthates in Biomass Growth -- 6.3.3 Photosynthates Used for Secondary Compounds in Defence -- 6.4 Uptake of Water and Nutrients -- 6.4.1 Water Uptake -- 6.4.2 Nutrient Uptake -- 6.4.3 ; Translocation of Photosynthates in Whole Tree -- 6.5 Growth and Growth Dynamics -- 6.5.1 Primary and Secondary Growth -- 6.5.2 Height Growth -- 6.5.3 Diameter Growth -- 6.5.4 Growth of Stem, Branches, and Foliage Related to Environmental Conditions -- 6.5.5 Wood Formation as Affected by Prevailing Environmental Conditions -- 6.5.6 Growth of Roots -- 6.5.7 Allocation of Growth Among Different Tree Organs.; 6.5.8 Distribution of Growth in Different Stem Parts -- 6.6 Annual Cycle of Functioning of Boreal Trees -- 6.6.1 Active and Dormant Periods over a Year -- 6.6.2 Phenology, Frost Resistance, and Frost Damages -- 6.7 Adaptation of Trees to Prevailing Climatic Conditions -- 6.8 Mortality and Lifespan of Trees -- 6.8.1 Litter of Non-woody Organs -- 6.8.2 Litter of Woody Organs -- 6.8.3 Mortality of Trees -- 6.9 Interaction Between Genotype and Environment in Modelling Context -- 6.9.1 Functioning of Trees in Ecosystem Context, with Management Implications -- 6.9.2 Modelling of Ecosystem Dynamics in Ecophysiological Context -- 6.9.3 Management and Main Model Input and Output -- 6.9.4 Model Performance -- 6.10 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part III: Long-Term Dynamics of Boreal Forest Ecosystem -- 7: Successional Dynamics of Boreal Forest Ecosystem -- 7.1 Succession of Forest Ecosystem Over Time -- 7.1.1 Succession in Forest Context -- 7.1.2 Autogenic and Allogenic Disturbances Driving Succession -- 7.1.3 Gaps Related to Properties of Disturbances -- 7.1.4 Gap Dynamics from Tree Through Patch to Landscape -- 7.2 Processes in Succession -- 7.2.1 Interaction Between Trees in Forest Community -- 7.2.2 Niche Differentiation in Succession -- 7.2.3 Energetics, Mass, and Nutrients in Succession -- 7.3 Gap Dynamics, with Effects on Environmental Conditions -- 7.3.1 Environmental Conditions in Relation of Area of Gaps -- 7.3.2 Radiation and Temperature in Gaps -- 7.3.3 Hydrological Conditions in Gaps -- 7.3.4 Soil Disturbance and Nutrients in Gaps -- 7.3.5 Carbon Dioxide, Energy, and Water Fluxes in Gaps, with Atmospheric Interaction -- 7.4 Structural Dynamics of Boreal Forest Over Time -- 7.4.1 Regenerative Properties of Selected Tree Species -- 7.4.2 Growth Properties of Selected Tree Species.; 7.4.3 Successional Properties of Selected Trees in Relation to Gap Dynamics -- 7.4.4 Gap Dynamics and Composition of Tree Communities -- 7.4.5 Composition of Ground Vegetation in Relation to Gap Dynamics -- 7.5 Dynamics of Organic Matter in Boreal Forest Ecosystem Over Time -- 7.5.1 Mass and Ecosystem Energetics -- 7.5.2 Growth and Development of Trees -- 7.5.3 Growth and Development of Ground Vegetation -- 7.5.4 Nutrients Bound in Trees and Ground Vegetation -- 7.5.5 Litter from Trees and Ground Vegetation -- 7.5.6 Nutrient Cycle and Litter Fall -- 7.5.7 Decay and Accumulation of Organic Matter in Soil -- 7.5.8 Nutrients, Mineralization, and Biogeochemical Nutrient Flow -- 7.6 Ecosystem Dynamics in Varying Temporal and Spatial Scales -- 7.6.1 Functioning and Structure of Forest Ecosystem -- 7.6.2 Diversity of Habitats for Autotropic and Heterotrophic Species -- 7.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 8: Management vs Ecosystem Dynamics -- 8.1 Ecosystem Structure, Functioning, and Management Related to Gap Dynamics -- 8.1.1 Disturbance Dynamics on Varying Scale, with Management Implications -- 8.1.2 Management in Controlling Genotype/Environment Interaction -- 8.2 Management Strategies and Operations -- 8.3 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part IV: Management Strategies, Regimes, and Operations -- 9: Preparation of Site for Natural Regeneration and Planting in Reforestation -- 9.1 Preparatory Operations in Management: Concepts and Methods -- 9.2 ; Preparatory Management Subjected to Vegetation -- 9.2.1 Removal of Trees with No Value or Preference for Future Management -- 9.2.2 Protecting Tree Cover for Reducing Frost Damages -- 9.3 Preparatory Management Subjected to Soil -- 9.3.1 Soil Management -- 9.3.2 Prescribed Burning -- 9.3.3 Mechanical Soil Preparation -- 9.4 Ditching Mire Ecosystem for Forestry.; 9.5 Concluding Remarks.