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Record Nr. |
UNINA9910544850603321 |
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Autore |
Mallick Umair |
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Titolo |
Cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 : risk, pathogenesis and outcomes / / Umair Mallick |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2022] |
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©2022 |
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ISBN |
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9783030900656 |
9783030900649 |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (416 pages) |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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COVID-19 (Disease) |
Cardiovascular system - Diseases |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Nota di bibliografia |
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Includes bibliographical references and index. |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Intro -- Contents -- 1 The Epidemiology of CoViD19 and Cardiovascular Diseases -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Epidemiology -- 1.2.1 Cardiovascular Disease or CoViD19, Which Comes First? -- 1.2.2 The Burden of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in CoViD19 -- 1.2.3 Role of the Pre-existing Cardiovascular Diseases in CoViD19 -- 1.2.4 Critical CoViD19 Complications and Pre-existing Cardiovascular Disease -- 1.2.5 Role of Cardiovascular Complications in CoViD19 Mortality -- 1.3 Discussion -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Virology of CoViD19 -- 2.1 Viral Characteristics -- 2.1.1 Origins of SARS CoV2 -- 2.1.2 Hosts -- 2.1.3 SARS CoV2 Structure -- 2.1.4 SARS CoV2 Affinity and Infectivity -- 2.1.5 SARS CoV2 Variability and Strains -- 2.2 Mechanism of Viral Entry in Cells -- 2.2.1 SARS CoV2 Viral Spike-ACE2 Signaling Mechanisms -- 2.2.2 SARS COV, Cell Entry, and Receptors -- 2.2.3 SARS CoV2 Similarities with SARS COV and MERS -- 2.2.4 SARS CoV2, Cell Entry and Receptors -- 2.3 Summary -- References -- 3 An Introduction to the Clinical and Diagnostic Features, and CoViD19 Complications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Clinical Symptomatology -- 3.3 Sepsis and Complications of CoViD19 -- 3.4 Important Diagnostic Features -- 3.4.1 Viral Sampling -- 3.4.2 Biochemical and Hematological Features -- 3.4.3 Radiological Features -- 3.5 Summary -- References -- 4 The Pathological Features of CoViD19 |
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Cardiovascular Complications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Key Features of Cardiovascular Pathology -- 4.2.1 The Myocardial Injury in CoViD19 -- 4.2.2 Endomyocardial Biopsy and Myocarditis -- 4.2.3 Endomyocardial Biopsy and Myocarditis with Viral Localization -- 4.2.4 The Vascular Injury, Microvascular Cardiac Involvement, and Thromboembolic Features -- 4.2.5 Endothelial Cell Infection and Apoptosis -- 4.3 Summary -- References -- 5 Treatment Options in CoViD19 -- 5.1 Introduction. |
5.2 Antiviral Agents in CoViD19 -- 5.2.1 Viral Cell Entry Inhibition and Viral Assembly Blockage -- 5.3 Amino Quinolones in CoViD19 -- 5.3.1 Analysis of Body of Evidence on Amino Quinolones in CoViD19 -- 5.4 Immune-Based Therapies in CoViD19 -- 5.4.1 Immunomodulatory Agents -- 5.4.2 Convalescent Plasma, and Antibody-Based Therapies -- 5.5 Potential Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms -- 5.5.1 NOD-Like Receptor Protein 3 (NLRP3)-Anti-inflammasomes -- 5.5.2 Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)-Anti NETosis Therapy -- 5.6 Anticoagulants -- 5.7 CoViD19 Vaccines -- 5.8 Summary -- References -- 6 An Introduction to the Pathogenetic Mechanisms of CoViD19 Complications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Acute Pulmonary Injury -- 6.3 Sepsis and Multi-organ Failure -- 6.4 Renin Angiotensin System -- 6.5 Endothelin System -- 6.6 Immune-Inflammation -- 6.7 Summary -- References -- 7 Overview of Cytokines and CoViD19 -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Cytokines -- 7.2.1 Interferon -- 7.2.2 Interleukins -- 7.2.3 Chemokines -- 7.2.4 Colony Stimulating Factors -- 7.2.5 Tumor Necrosis Factor -- 7.3 Cytokine Storm in CoViD19 -- 7.3.1 Kinetics of the Cytokine Storm -- 7.3.2 The "T" Cell Response -- 7.3.3 Cytokines and Severity of CoViD19 -- 7.4 Cytokines in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases -- 7.5 Summary -- References -- 8 The Renin-Angiotensin System in COVID19 -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Renin Angiotensin System -- 8.2.1 ACE2 Synthesis and Distribution -- 8.2.2 ACE2 Expression -- 8.2.3 ACE2 Detection -- 8.3 The Dynamics of ACE2 Expression in CoViD19 -- 8.3.1 ACE2 Expression in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Conditions -- 8.3.2 The Dynamics of ACE2 Expression and Cardiovascular Risk in CoViD19 -- 8.3.3 Age and Gender Variations of ACE2 and CoViD19 -- 8.4 ACE2 is a Marker of Severity or a Compensatory Mechanism? -- 8.5 Summary -- References -- 9 Thrombosis in CoViD19. |
9.1 Epidemiology -- 9.2 Mechanisms Promoting Thrombosis in CoViD19 -- 9.2.1 Renin Angiotensin System and Thrombosis -- 9.2.2 Endothelial Cell Damage and Thrombosis -- 9.2.3 Inflammation and Thrombosis -- 9.2.4 Microangiopathy and Thrombosis in CoViD19 -- 9.2.5 Platelets and Thrombosis in CoViD19 -- 9.2.6 D Dimers in CoViD19 -- 9.2.7 Hypoxia and Thrombosis -- 9.2.8 Ethnic Disparities, High-Risk Subgroups and Coagulation -- 9.3 Summary -- References -- 10 Pathogenesis of CoViD19-Miscellaneous Mechanisms -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Regulatory Peptide Systems in CoViD19 -- 10.2.1 Kallikrein-Kinin System -- 10.2.2 Endothelin System -- 10.2.3 Natriuretic Peptide System -- 10.3 Miscellaneous Mechanisms -- 10.3.1 Direct Viral Damage -- 10.3.2 Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress -- 10.3.3 Cell Death Modalities -- 10.3.4 Mitochondrial Dysfunction -- 10.4 Summary -- References -- 11 Myocardial Injury in CoViD19 -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Epidemiology of Myocardial Injury -- 11.3 Definition, Presentation, and Challenges of Myocardial Injury -- 11.4 Timing and Assessment of Myocardial Injury -- 11.5 Biomarkers of Myocardial Injury -- 11.6 Pathogenesis of the Myocardial Injury -- 11.7 Summary -- References -- 12 Heart Failure in CoViD19 -- 12.1 Epidemiology -- 12.2 Role of Comorbidities in Heart Failure with CoViD19 -- 12.3 Biomarkers of Heart Failure in CoViD19 -- 12.4 |
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Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Heart Failure in CoViD19 -- 12.5 Summary -- References -- 13 Hypertension in CoViD19 -- 13.1 Epidemiology -- 13.2 Complexities in Hypertension and CoViD19 -- 13.3 CoViD19 Susceptibility and Hypertension -- 13.4 Pathogenesis -- 13.5 Summary -- References -- 14 Cardiac Arrhythmias in CoViD19 -- 14.1 Epidemiology of Arrhythmias in CoViD19 -- 14.2 Pathogenesis of Arrhythmias in CoViD19 -- 14.3 Summary -- References -- 15 Acute Coronary Syndromes in CoViD19. |
15.1 Epidemiology of Acute Coronary Syndromes in CoViD19 -- 15.2 Defining Acute Coronary Syndromes, Challenges in Presentation and Assessment -- 15.3 Pathogenesis of Acute Coronary Syndromes in CoViD19 -- 15.4 Summary -- References -- 16 Diabetes Mellitus and COVID19 -- 16.1 Epidemiology -- 16.2 Pathogenesis -- 16.3 Treatment Implications -- 16.4 Summary -- References -- 17 Obesity and COVID19 -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Pathogenetic Links - Obesity and CoViD19 -- 17.3 Summary -- References -- 18 The Older Age Adults and COVID19 -- 18.1 Epidemiology -- 18.1.1 Oder Age and CoViD19 Criticality -- 18.1.2 CoViD19 Fatality in Older Age Adults -- 18.1.3 Older Age and Cardiovascular Disease in CoViD19 -- 18.2 CoViD19 Biomarkers in Older Adults -- 18.3 Risk Mechanisms in Older Age and CoViD19 -- 18.3.1 Immune Dysfunction and Inflammation -- 18.3.2 ACE2 Mechanisms -- 18.3.3 Miscellaneous Age Related Mechanisms -- 18.4 Summary -- References -- 19 Gender Disparity in CoViD19 -- 19.1 Epidemiology -- 19.2 Discrepancies in the Epidemiological Data -- 19.3 Factors Associated with Gender Dichotomy -- 19.4 Gender Disparity in Immune Response -- 19.5 Gender Disparity in ACE2 Mechanisms -- 19.6 Gender Disparity in Cardiovascular Diseases -- 19.6.1 Cardiovascular Pathogenetic Features and Gender -- 19.7 Summary -- References -- 20 An Overview of Quality of Research in COVID19 -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Quality Issues in CoViD19 Research and Improvement Initiatives -- 20.3 Summary -- References -- Index. |
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