Measuring electronics and sensors : basics of measurement technology, sensors, analog and digital signal processing / / Herbert Bernstein

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910523782803321
• Autore: Bernstein Herbert <1946->
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Wiesbaden, Germany : , : Springer, , [2022]; ©2022
• ISBN: 3-658-35067-9
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (352 pages)
• Disciplina: 621.381548
• Soggetti: Electronic measurements; Measuring instruments
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1: Introduction to Sensor Technology and Electronic Measurement Technology -- 1.1 Sensor Types -- 1.1.1 Standard Sensors -- 1.1.2 Basic Metrological Concepts -- 1.1.3 Analog and Digital Measuring Instruments -- 1.1.4 Current and Voltage -- 1.1.5 Resistors -- 1.2 Calibration of Measuring and Test Equipment -- 1.3 Analog and Digital Data Acquisition -- 1.3.1 Structure of an Analog Electrode -- 1.3.2 Structure of a Digital Measurement Chain -- 1.3.3 Acquisition and Processing of Measurement Data -- 1.3.4 Control, Regulation, and Visualization -- 1.4 Measurement Error -- 1.4.1 Types of Errors -- 1.4.2 Sources of Error -- 1.4.3 Influence Errors -- 1.4.4 Error Propagation -- 1.4.5 Selection Criteria for Measuring Instruments -- 2: Components of the Electronic Data Acquisition -- 2.1 Analog Amplifier Families -- 2.1.1 Internal Circuit Design of Operational Amplifiers -- 2.1.2 Operating Modes of an Operational Amplifier -- 2.1.3 Transmission Characteristics of Operational Amplifiers -- 2.1.4 Inverting Mode -- 2.1.5 Non-inverting Operation -- 2.1.6 Voltage-Dependent Current Feedback -- 2.1.7 Current Dependent Voltage Feedback -- 2.1.8 Current Dependent Current Feedback -- 2.2 Linear and Non-linear Amplifier Circuits -- 2.2.1 Adder or Totalizer -- 2.2.2 Operational Amplifier as an Integrator -- 2.2.3 Differentiator with Operational Amplifier -- 2.2.4 Differential Amplifier or Subtractor -- 2.2.5 ; Instrumentation Amplifier -- 2.2.6 Voltage and Current Measurement -- 2.3 Comparator and Schmitt Trigger -- 2.3.1 Simple Voltage Comparator -- 2.3.2 Voltage Comparator in Saturated Amplifier Mode -- 2.3.3 Window Comparator -- 2.3.4 Three-Point Comparator -- 2.3.5 Schmitt Trigger -- 2.3.6 Schmitt Trigger in Non-saturated Mode -- 2.3.7 Comparator with Tilting Behavior -- 2.4 Measuring Bridges.; 2.4.1 Unloaded Voltage Divider -- 2.4.2 Loaded Voltage Divider -- 2.4.3 Bridge Circuit -- 2.4.4 Simple Capacitance Measuring Bridge -- 2.4.5 Vienna and Vienna-Robinson Bridge -- 2.4.6 Maxwell Bridge -- 2.4.7 Schering Bridge -- 2.4.8 Maxwell-Vienna Bridge -- 2.4.9 Frequency-Independent Maxwell Bridge -- 2.5 Analog Switch -- 2.5.1 Switch Functions of the Analog Switches -- 2.5.2 Operational Amplifier with Digital Control -- 2.5.3 Sample &amp -- Hold Circuits -- 2.6 Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Converters -- 2.6.1 The Structure of a Data Collection System -- 2.6.2 Data Acquisition Without a Sample and Hold Unit -- 2.6.3 Time-Division Multiplexed Data Acquisition with Sample and Hold Unit -- 2.6.4 Simultaneous Acquisition of Measurement Data with a Sample and Hold Unit -- 2.6.5 Antialiazing Filter -- 2.6.6 Systems for Signal Sampling -- 2.6.7 Theorem for Signal Sampling -- 2.7 AD- and DA-Converter -- 2.7.1 Natural Binary Code -- 2.7.2 Complementary Binary Code -- 2.7.3 Codes for AD and DA Converters -- 2.7.4 BCD Coding -- 2.7.5 Specifications of Data Converters -- 2.7.6 Relative Accuracy of Transducer Systems -- 2.7.7 Absolute Accuracy of Transducers -- 2.8 Digital to Analog Converter -- 2.8.1 Transfer Function -- 2.8.2 Structure and Function of a DA Converter -- 2.8.3 R2R-DA Converter -- 2.8.4 DA-Converter with External Resistors -- 2.9 Analog to Digital Converter -- 2.9.1 AD Converter According to the Counting Method -- 2.9.2 AD Converter with Overshoot Control -- 2.9.3 AD Converter with Step-by-Step Approximation -- 2.9.4 Single-Slope AD Converter -- 2.9.5 Dual Slope AD Converter -- 2.9.6 Voltage to Frequency Converter -- 3: Temperature Sensors -- 3.1 Basic Information About Temperature Measurement -- 3.1.1 Temperature-Dependent Effects -- 3.1.2 Temperature-Dependent Resistors.; 3.1.3 NTC Resistors or Thermistors -- 3.1.4 Data, Designs, and Technology of Thermistors -- 3.1.5 Linearization of Thermistor Curves -- 3.1.6 Amplifying Circuits for Linearized Thermistors -- 3.1.7 PTC Resistors -- 3.1.8 Protective Circuits with PTC Thermistors -- 3.1.9 Temperature Switches from −10 °C to +100 °C -- 3.1.10 Temperature Switch with Sensor Monitoring -- 3.2 LED Thermometer -- 3.2.1 Integrated Converter ICL7106 and ICL7107 -- 3.2.1.1 Automatic Zero Adjustment -- 3.2.1.2 Signal Integration -- 3.2.1.3 Reference Integration or Deintegration -- 3.2.1.4 Differential Input -- 3.2.1.5 Differential Reference Input -- 3.2.1.6 "ANALOG COMMON" -- 3.2.1.7 Test -- 3.2.2 External Components of ICL7106 and ICL7107 -- 3.2.2.1 Integration Resistance RI -- 3.2.2.2 Integration Capacitor -- 3.2.2.3 "AUTO-ZERO" Capacitor CZ -- 3.2.2.4 Reference Capacitor Cref -- 3.2.2.5 Components of the Oscillator -- 3.2.2.6 Reference Voltage -- 3.2.2.7 Operating Voltages of the ICL7107 -- 3.2.3 Integrating AD Converters with the ICL7106 and ICL7107 -- 3.3 Thermocouples -- 3.3.1 Thermoelectric Effect -- 3.3.1.1 Fe-CuNi -- 3.3.1.2 Cu-CuNi -- 3.3.1.3 NiCr-Ni -- 3.3.1.4 PtRh10-Pt -- 3.3.1.5 PtRh30-PtRh6 -- 3.3.2 Measurements with Thermocouples -- 3.3.3 Amplifier for Thermocouples -- 3.4 Resistance Thermometers with Pt100 or Ni100 -- 3.4.1 Pt100 Resistance Thermometer -- 3.4.2 Ni100 Resistance Thermometer -- 3.4.3 Silicon Temperature Sensor as Pt100 Replacement -- 3.4.4 Connection of a Resistance Thermometer -- 3.4.5 Avoidance of Electromagnetic Susceptibility -- ; 3.4.6 Ground Loops, Earthing and Shielded Cables -- 3.4.7 Heat Flow Sensor -- 3.5 Measuring Mechanical Quantities with Temperature Sensors -- 3.5.1 Level Measurement -- 3.5.2 Measurement of Flow Velocity -- 3.5.3 Microbridge Airflow Sensors.; 3.5.4 Hot Film Air Mass Sensor -- 3.5.5 Hot-Wire Air Mass Sensor -- 4: Optical Sensors -- 4.1 Properties and Design -- 4.1.1 Luminous Sensitivity -- 4.1.2 Photodiode Technology -- 4.1.3 Applications of Photodiodes -- 4.1.4 Photoresistance -- 4.1.5 Measuring Circuit with a Photoresistor -- 4.1.6 Twilight Switch -- 4.1.7 Phototransistor -- 4.1.8 Automatic Garage Lighting with a Phototransistor -- 4.1.9 Photoelectric Cell -- 4.2 Active Optoelectronics -- 4.2.1 Emitter Components -- 4.2.2 Laser Diodes (Semiconductor Lasers) -- 4.2.3 Light-Emitting Diodes -- 4.3 Optocoupler -- 4.4 Light Barriers and Optoelectronic Scanning Systems -- 4.4.1 Through-Beam Sensors -- 4.4.2 Special Forms of Through-Beam Sensors -- 4.4.3 Reflection Light Barriers -- 4.4.4 Retro-reflective Sensors -- 4.4.5 Detection of Shiny Objects -- 4.4.6 Photoelectric Proximity Switches with Background Suppression -- 4.4.7 Drill Breakage Control Using Light Barrier -- 4.4.8 Optical Distance Measurement -- 4.5 Optical Angle of Rotation and Position Detection -- 4.5.1 Absolute Rotary Encoder -- 4.5.2 Fork Sensors -- 4.5.3 Incremental Encoders -- 4.5.4 Signal Evaluation -- 5: Humidity Sensors -- 5.1 Physical Measurement Methods -- 5.1.1 Appropriate Measurement Methods -- 5.1.2 Methods of Moisture Content Determination -- 5.1.3 Indirect Measurement Methods -- 5.1.4 Laboratory Measurement Procedures of Higher Accuracy -- 5.2 Physical Relationships -- 5.2.1 Definition of the Water Vapor Partial Pressure -- 5.2.2 Dew Point -- 5.2.3 Relative Humidity in Gases -- 5.2.4 Relative Humidity in Liquids -- 5.2.5 Structure and Operation of an Alumina Humidity Sensor -- 5.2.6 Use of Alumina Humidity Sensors -- 5.2.7 Temperature and Pressure Behavior -- 5.3 Realization of Humidity Measurement -- 5.3.1 Simple Measuring Circuit with Humidity Sensor.; 5.3.2 Humidity Dependent Control -- Index.