Nuclear waste management : science, technology, and policy / / Man-Sung Yim

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910523762303321
• Autore: Yim Man-Sung
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Dordrecht : , : Springer, , [2021]; ©2021
• ISBN: 9789402421064; 9789402421040
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (849 pages)
• Collana: Lecture Notes in Energy ; ; Volume 83
• Disciplina: 621.4838
• Soggetti: Radioactive waste disposal - Safety measures; Radioactive wastes - Management
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 The Nuclear Waste Problem -- 1.2 Brief Overview of Nuclear Waste Generation -- 1.3 Conclusion -- Homework -- Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 2: Policy and Regulations for Nuclear Waste Management -- 2.1 Role of Policy -- 2.2 How Policy Is Made -- 2.2.1 Agenda Setting -- 2.2.2 Policy Formulation -- 2.2.3 Policy Adoption -- 2.2.4 Policy Implementation -- 2.2.5 Policy Evaluation -- 2.2.6 Policy Change -- 2.2.7 Policy Termination -- 2.3 Policy Analysis and Decision-Making Models -- 2.3.1 Policy Analysis -- 2.3.2 Cost-Benefit Analysis -- 2.3.3 Decision Analysis -- 2.4 Development of Laws, Standards, and Regulations -- 2.4.1 National Law -- 2.4.1.1 What Is Nuclear Waste (Q1)? -- 2.4.1.2 Who Are Responsible for the Management of Nuclear Waste (Q2)? -- 2.4.2 Regulations and Standards -- 2.4.2.1 How Safe Is Safe? What Is the Acceptable Level of Risk (Q3)? -- De Minimis Risk -- Comparative Risk Approach -- Risk Benefit Analysis -- Comparative Observations -- 2.4.2.2 Who Should Be Protected (Q4)? -- 2.4.2.3 How Long Should the Prescribed Level of Safety Be Provided (Q5)? -- 2.4.2.4 What Approach Should Be Used to Assure Safety (Q6)? -- 2.4.2.5 How Do We Verify Safety (Q7)? -- 2.4.2.6 How Should the Environment Be Protected in Comparison with Protecting Public Health (Q8)? -- 2.5 Conclusion -- Homework -- ; Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 3: Basic Nuclear Science and Engineering -- 3.1 Science of Radiation -- 3.1.1 What Is Radiation and Why Is It Produced? -- 3.1.2 Ionizing Radiation -- 3.1.3 Types and Characteristics of Ionizing Radiation -- 3.1.4 Natural Radioactivity -- 3.1.5 Man-Made Production of Radioactivity -- 3.1.6 General Description of Radioactive Decay -- 3.1.7 Decay Chains -- 3.2 Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Matter.; 3.2.1 Directly or Indirectly Ionizing Radiation -- 3.2.2 Interaction of Directly Ionizing Radiation with Matter -- 3.2.3 Interaction of Indirectly Ionizing Radiation -- 3.2.3.1 Cross Sections -- 3.2.3.2 Interactions of Photons with Matter -- 3.2.3.3 Interactions of Neutrons with Matter -- 3.3 Nuclear Reactors -- 3.3.1 Types of Nuclear Reactors -- 3.3.2 Fuel for Nuclear Reactors -- 3.3.3 The Process of Fission in Thermal Nuclear Reactors -- 3.3.4 Products of Nuclear Fission -- 3.3.5 Nuclear Criticality Control -- 3.4 Conclusion -- Homework -- Further Readings -- References -- Chapter 4: Basic Chemical Science for Nuclear Waste Management -- 4.1 Chemical Properties -- 4.1.1 Electron Energy Levels -- 4.1.2 Types of Elements and the Periodic Table -- 4.1.3 Chemical Bonds -- 4.2 Basics of Chemical Reactions -- 4.2.1 Free Energy in Chemical Reactions -- 4.2.2 Equilibrium Constant -- 4.3 Types of Chemical Reactions -- 4.3.1 Acid-Base Reactions -- 4.3.1.1 The Concept of pH -- 4.3.2 Dissolution-Precipitation Reactions -- 4.3.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions -- 4.3.3.1 Basic Definitions -- 4.3.3.2 Half-Reactions -- 4.3.3.3 Log of Electron Activity ``pe´´ and Oxidation (``Redox´´) Potential -- 4.3.3.4 Measurements of Oxidation Potential -- 4.3.4 Complexation Reactions -- 4.3.5 Sorption -- 4.3.6 Biodegradation of Organic Matter -- 4.3.7 Role of Temperature -- 4.4 Conclusion -- Homework -- Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 5: Science of Risk and Radiation Protection -- 5.1 Biological Effects of Radiation -- 5.1.1 Interaction Mechanisms in a Biological System -- 5.1.2 Stages in Radiation Interaction with Biological Systems -- 5.1.3 Interactions of Radiation with Biological Targets -- 5.1.3.1 Interactions of Different Particles in Tissues -- 5.1.3.2 Factors Influencing Biological Effects -- 5.1.3.3 Targets of Radiation Interactions.; 5.1.4 Radiation Effects on DNA -- 5.1.4.1 DNA Damage -- 5.1.4.2 DNA Repair Mechanism -- 5.1.5 Radiation Effects on Cells -- 5.1.5.1 Cell Killing -- 5.1.5.2 Induction of Mutations -- 5.1.5.3 Malignant Transformation of Cells -- 5.2 Risk Assessment of Radiation Exposure -- 5.2.1 Cancer Risk Estimation for Human Radiation Exposure -- 5.2.2 Calculation of Dose -- 5.2.2.1 The Absorbed Dose -- 5.2.2.2 The Equivalent Dose -- 5.2.2.3 The Effective Dose -- 5.2.2.4 The Collective Dose -- 5.2.3 Dose Response Relationships -- 5.2.4 Relation Between Cancer by Natural Incidence and Radiation Induced Cancer -- 5.2.5 Cancer Risk Estimation in BEIR V and BEIR VII -- 5.2.5.1 BEIR V Results -- 5.2.5.2 BEIR VII Results -- 5.2.5.3 Comparisons of the Estimated Cancer Risk Coefficients -- 5.3 Development of Standards for Radiation Protection -- 5.4 Radiation Safety Applications -- 5.5 Conclusion -- Homework -- Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 6: Generation of Nuclear Waste from Nuclear Power -- 6.1 Overview of Nuclear Fuel Cycle -- 6.2 The Steps in Nuclear Fuel Cycle -- 6.2.1 Mining -- 6.2.2 Milling -- 6.2.3 Conversion -- 6.2.4 Enrichment -- 6.2.5 Fuel Fabrication -- 6.2.6 Nuclear Reactor Operations -- 6.2.6.1 In-Core Fuel Management -- 6.2.6.2 Production of Radioactivity from Reactor Operation -- 6.2.7 Reprocessing -- 6.3 Material Balance in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle -- 6.4 Waste Generation and Release of Radioactivity from the Nuclear Fuel Cycle -- 6.4.1 Wastes from the Front-End of Nuclear Fuel Cycle -- 6.4.2 Wastes from Reactor Operation -- 6.4.3 Wastes from Reprocessing -- 6.4.4 Classification of Radioactive Waste -- 6.4.5 ; Overall Radiation Exposure from Nuclear Fuel Cycles -- 6.5 Conclusion -- Homework -- Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 7: Characteristics of Spent Fuel and Its Storage and Transportation -- 7.1 Characteristics of Spent Fuel.; 7.1.1 General Characteristics of Spent Fuel -- 7.1.2 Nuclide Compositions of Spent Fuel -- 7.1.3 Determining Nuclide Concentrations in Spent Fuel -- 7.1.4 Decay Heat Production in Spent Fuel -- 7.1.4.1 Decay Heat Calculation -- 7.1.4.2 Correlation Models for Decay Heat Calculation -- 7.2 Shielding for Spent Nuclear Fuel -- 7.2.1 Analysis for Gamma Ray Shielding -- 7.2.2 Analysis for Neutron Shielding -- 7.2.3 An Example of Spent Fuel Shielding -- 7.2.4 Major Radionuclides of Concern in Spent Fuel Shielding -- 7.3 Criticality Control in Spent Fuel Management -- 7.4 Storage of Spent Fuel -- 7.4.1 Wet Storage -- 7.4.2 Dry Storage -- 7.4.2.1 Options in Dry Storage -- 7.4.2.2 Cost of Dry Storage Options -- 7.4.2.3 The Issue of Storage Periods -- 7.4.3 Monitored Retrievable Storage (MRS) -- 7.5 Spent Fuel Transportation -- 7.5.1 Shipping Casks -- 7.5.2 Safety in Spent Fuel Shipment -- 7.5.2.1 Risk from Incident-Free Shipment -- 7.5.2.2 Risk from Accident During Shipment -- 7.6 Conclusion -- Homework -- Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 8: Spent Fuel Reprocessing and Nuclear Waste Transmutation -- 8.1 Overview of Reprocessing -- 8.1.1 Aqueous Processes -- 8.1.2 Pyro-processes -- 8.1.3 History of Spent Fuel Reprocessing -- 8.1.4 Comparison of PUREX and Pyroprocessing -- 8.2 PUREX -- 8.2.1 The Overall PUREX Process -- 8.2.2 Pre-processing Storage -- 8.2.3 Head-end Process -- 8.2.4 Separation Processes -- 8.2.5 Off-gas Treatment -- 8.2.6 Implementation of PUREX -- 8.2.7 Treatment of HLW for Stabilization -- 8.2.7.1 Calcination -- 8.2.7.2 Vitrification -- 8.2.8 Modifications of PUREX -- 8.3 Pyroprocessing -- 8.3.1 Electrochemical Cell as the Separation System -- 8.3.2 Head-end Process and Oxide Reduction -- 8.3.3 Electrorefining -- 8.3.4 Cathode Processing and Waste Treatment -- 8.4 Transmutation -- 8.4.1 Transmutation Half-life.; 8.4.2 Implementation of Transmutation -- 8.4.2.1 Thermal Reactors -- 8.4.2.2 Fast Reactors -- 8.4.2.3 Mixed-spectrum Reactor Concept -- 8.4.2.4 Accelerator Driven Transmutation Systems -- 8.4.3 Perspectives on Transmutation -- 8.5 Conclusion -- Homework -- Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 9: Engineered Barriers for Nuclear Waste Management -- 9.1 Basics of Engineering Materials -- 9.1.1 Introduction to Materials for Engineering Applications -- 9.1.2 Overview of Materials Properties -- 9.1.2.1 Mechanical Properties -- 9.1.2.2 Physical Properties -- 9.1.2.3 Chemical Properties -- 9.1.3 Atomic Bonding and Material Properties -- 9.1.4 Atomic Arrangement and Material Properties -- 9.1.4.1 Crystal Structures and Material Properties -- 9.1.4.2 Non-crystalline vs. Crystalline Solids -- 9.1.4.3 Treatments of Metals for Property Modification -- 9.1.5 Radiation Effects on Materials -- 9.1.5.1 Effects of Low LET Radiation -- 9.1.5.2 Effects of High LET Radiation -- 9.1.5.3 Effects on Gases or Liquids -- 9.2 Nuclear Waste Package as Engineered Barriers -- 9.2.1 Design of Nuclear Waste Package -- 9.2.2 Predictability of Materials Performance for the Nuclear Waste Package -- 9.2.2.1 Mechanistic Model Development -- 9.2.2.2 Characterization of the Environment -- 9.2.3 Fabrication and Monitoring of Nuclear Waste Package -- 9.3 Spent Fuel as Waste Form -- 9.3.1 Irradiation Induced Changes in UO2 -- 9.3.2 Irradiation-Induced Changes in the Cladding -- 9.3.3 Radionuclide Release from Spent Fuel -- 9.4 Materials for Waste Immobilization -- 9.4.1 Glass -- 9.4.1.1 Characteristics of Glass as Waste Form -- 9.4.1.2 Compositions of Glass as Waste Form -- 9.4.1.3 Stability of Glass as Waste Form -- 9.4.2 Ceramic -- 9.4.2.1 Compositions of Ceramics as ; Waste Form -- 9.4.2.2 Stability of Ceramics as Waste Form -- 9.4.3 Cement.; 9.4.3.1 Characteristics of Cement as Waste Form.