Essentials of aerosol therapy in critically ill patients / / Haitham Saeed [and three others]

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910506389503321
• Autore: Saeed Haitham
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2021]; ©2021
• ISBN: 3-030-85026-9
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (245 pages)
• Disciplina: 615.836
• Soggetti: Aerosol therapy; Critical care medicine; Internal medicine; Aerosolteràpia; Medicina intensiva; Llibres electrònics
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: The Type of Patients Requiring Aerosol Therapy (to Treat What and Where?) -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Differences Between Pediatrics and Adults Influencing Aerosol Delivery -- 1.3 Diseases Treated by Aerosol Therapy -- 1.3.1 Asthma -- 1.3.1.1 Asthma Diagnosis -- 1.3.1.2 Asthma Phenotypes -- 1.3.1.3 Asthma Management -- Non-pharmacological Treatment -- Pharmacological Treatment -- 1.3.1.4 Asthma Exacerbations -- Prevention of Exacerbations -- Management of Asthma Exacerbations -- 1.3.2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease -- 1.3.2.1 COPD Diagnosis -- 1.3.2.2 Differences Between COPD and Asthma Diagnosis -- 1.3.2.3 Management of Stable COPD -- 1.3.2.4 Management of COPD Exacerbations -- References -- Chapter 2: Types of Mechanical Ventilation -- 2.1 Mechanical Ventilation -- 2.2 Non-invasive Ventilation -- 2.3 Non-invasive Negative Pressure Ventilation -- 2.4 Non-invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation -- 2.5 Ventilation Modes -- 2.6 Configuration of NIV Circuit -- 2.7 Invasive Ventilation -- 2.8 Endotracheal Intubation -- 2.9 Tracheostomy -- ; 2.10 Complications of Mechanical Ventilation -- 2.11 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) -- 2.12 Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) -- 2.13 Pneumothorax -- 2.14 Atelectasis -- 2.15 Pulmonary Edema -- 2.16 Pleural Effusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Oxygen Delivery Systems and Nasally Ventilated Patients -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Oxygen Device -- 3.3 Clinical Benefits Offered by HFNC -- 3.3.1 Improvement of Mucociliary Clearance -- 3.3.2 Anatomical Dead Space Washout -- 3.3.3 Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) Effect -- 3.3.4 Provision of the Stable Fraction of Inspired Oxygen -- 3.4 Attenuation of Inspiratory Resistance (Work of Breathing) -- 3.4.1 By Providing Adequate Flow -- 3.4.2 By Supplying Adequately Heated and Humidified Gas.; 3.4.2.1 Potential Clinical HFNC Applications -- 3.5 Obstructive Airways Diseases -- 3.6 Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure -- 3.7 Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure -- 3.8 Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema (ACPE) -- 3.9 Respiratory Infection -- 3.10 Post-extubation -- 3.11 Do-Not-Intubate Patients and Palliative Care -- 3.12 Home Oxygen Therapy or Long Term Oxygen Therapy (LTOT) -- 3.13 Oxygen Concentrators -- 3.14 Compressed Gas Cylinders -- 3.15 Liquid Oxygen Systems -- References -- Chapter 4: Special Needs for Neonates, Infants, and Toddler -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Differences Between Pediatric and Adult Patients in the Delivery of Inhaled Medications -- 4.3 Age Is a Factor for Choosing the Best Aerosol-Generating Device -- 4.4 Patient-Related Factors -- 4.5 Selection of Aerosol-Generating Devices -- 4.6 Aerosol Generating Devices -- 4.7 Nebulizers -- 4.7.1 Jet Nebulizer -- 4.7.2 Ultrasonic Nebulizers -- 4.7.3 Vibrating Mesh Nebulizers -- 4.8 Pressurized Metered-Dose Inhalers -- 4.9 Dry Powder Inhalers -- 4.10 Selection of Aerosol Therapy Interface -- 4.11 Valved Holding Chamber and Spacers -- References -- Chapter 5: Transitioning Aerosol from Hospital to Home -- Role of Training and Follow-Up -- 5.1 Challenges of Aerosol Therapy -- 5.2 Factors Affecting Adherence to Aerosol Therapy -- 5.2.1 The Aerosol Generating Devices -- 5.2.2 Drug-Related Factors -- 5.2.3 Healthcare Professional Related Factors -- 5.3 Factors Related to the Patient -- 5.4 Role of Counseling in Patient Adherence -- 5.4.1 Counseling Sessions -- 5.5 Patient Preference-Based Inhaler Selection -- 5.5.1 Inhaler Labeling -- 5.5.2 Aerosol Therapies Follow Up -- 5.5.3 Evaluation of Patient Inhaler Usage Technique -- 5.5.4 Inhalation Manager -- 5.5.5 Aerosol Inhalations Monitor (AIM) -- 5.5.6 Mag-Flo Inhaler -- 5.5.7 Turbutest -- 5.5.8 2Tone Trainer -- 5.5.9 In-Check DIAL.; 5.5.10 Trainhaler and Flo-Tone -- 5.5.11 Clip-Tone E -- 5.6 Monitoring Patient Adherence to Aerosol Therapy -- 5.7 Clinical Judgment on Therapy -- 5.8 Self-Reports by Patients -- 5.9 Electronic Monitoring Device -- 5.10 Laboratory Measurements of Medications and Response -- 5.11 Pharmacy Registered Data -- 5.12 Assessment Tools for Aerosol Therapy and Disease Control -- 5.12.1 Questionnaires in Asthma -- 5.12.2 Asthma Control Questionnaire -- 5.12.3 Asthma Control Test -- 5.12.4 Asthma Therapy Assessment Questionnaire (ATAQ) -- 5.12.5 Test for Respiratory and Asthma Control in Kids -- 5.12.6 Questionnaires for Assessment of COPD -- References -- Chapter 6: The Aerosol Generators Available for Critically Ill Patient -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Discussion and Analysis of Main Topics -- 6.2.1 Nebulizers -- 6.2.1.1 Air-Jet Nebulizer (JNs) -- 6.2.1.2 Ultrasonic Nebulizers (USNs) -- 6.2.1.3 Vibrating Mesh Nebulizer (VMNs) -- 6.2.2 Pressurized Metered Dose Inhalers (pMDIs) -- 6.2.2.1 Add-on Devices (Spacers) -- 6.2.3 Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs) -- 6.2.4 Soft Mist Inhalers (SMIs) -- 6.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Mechanisms of Aerosol Lung Deposition -- 7.1 Principles of Aerosol ; Delivery -- 7.2 Physical Principles that Control Aerosol Delivery and Deposition -- 7.2.1 Particle Size -- 7.2.2 Inertial Impaction -- 7.2.3 Gravitational Sedimentation -- 7.2.4 Brownian Motion and Diffusion -- 7.2.5 Electrostatic Attraction -- 7.2.6 Variables Related to the Patient -- 7.2.7 Deposition in the Oropharyngeal Regions -- 7.3 Oral Deposition for the Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs) -- 7.3.1 Lung Clearance Mechanisms -- 7.3.2 The Optimal Site for Aerosol Therapy Deposition for Management of Lung Diseases -- 7.4 Optimal Site of Aerosol Therapy Deposition for Management of Systemic Diseases -- References.; Chapter 8: Factors Affecting Aerosol Deposition in Critically Ill Patient -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Discussion and Analysis of Main Topics -- 8.2.1 Ventilator-Related Factors -- 8.2.2 Circuit-Related Factors -- 8.2.3 Device-Related Factors -- 8.2.4 Drug-Related Factors -- 8.2.5 Patient-Related Factors -- 8.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Inhaled Medications Employed in Critically Ill Patients -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Discussion and Analysis of Main Topics -- 9.2.1 Inhaled Medications Employed During Mechanical Ventilation (MV) -- 9.2.1.1 Bronchodilators -- 9.2.1.2 Prostanoids -- 9.2.1.3 Surfactant -- 9.2.1.4 Antibiotics/Antibacterial -- 9.2.1.5 Antiviral -- 9.2.1.6 Mucolytic Agents -- 9.2.1.7 Corticosteroids -- 9.2.1.8 Miscellaneous -- 9.2.2 Common Applications of Aerosol Therapy in Critical Care -- 9.2.3 Effect of Dosing -- 9.2.4 Effect of Administration Technique -- 9.2.5 Limitations of Aerosol Therapy in Critical Care -- 9.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Aerosol Therapies During High Flow Oxygen Therapy -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Factors Affecting Aerosol Delivery Within High Flow Oxygen System -- 10.2.1 Flow Rate of Gas -- 10.2.2 The Type of Aerosol Generator and Its Position Within the HFNC Circuit -- 10.2.3 Density of Gas -- 10.2.4 Interface -- References -- Chapter 11: Methods of Detecting Aerosol Delivery to the Lung -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Particle Size Distribution -- 11.3 Measuring Aerosol Particle Distribution with Inertial Impaction -- 11.4 Twin Stage Impinger -- 11.5 Marple-Miller Cascade Impactor -- 11.6 Multistage Liquid Impinger -- 11.7 Anderson Cascade Impactor -- 11.8 Next-Generation Impactors -- 11.9 Light Diffraction Methods -- 11.10 Laser Diffraction -- 11.11 Pulmonary Function Tests -- 11.12 Spirometry -- 11.13 Models Used for Aerosol Delivery Quantification -- 11.14 In-Vitro Models.; 11.15 In-Vitro Determination of Emitted Dose -- 11.16 In-Vitro Model for Characterization of Aerosol Particle Size Via Inertial Impaction -- 11.16.1 In-Vivo Models -- 11.16.2 Pharmacokinetics Model -- 11.16.3 Ex-Vivo Models -- 11.16.4 Imaging Models -- 11.16.5 Data Modeling -- References -- Chapter 12: Monitoring Plans and Weaning Protocols for Critically Ill Patients -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Discussion and Analysis of Main Topics -- 12.2.1 Monitoring Patient During Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (IMV) -- 12.2.1.1 Monitoring of Ventilator Parameters During IMV -- 12.2.1.2 Monitoring Spontaneous Breathing During IMV -- Monitoring through Esophageal Pressure (Pes) -- Transpulmonary Pressure (PL) -- Inspiratory Muscle Pressure (Pmus) -- Transdiaphragmatic Pressure (Pdi) -- Monitoring Through Occlusion Maneuvers -- Inspiratory Occlusion Maneuver -- Expiratory Occlusion Maneuver -- Airway Occlusion Pressure (P0.1) -- Monitoring Through Electrical Activity of the Diaphragm (EAdi) -- Monitoring Through Diaphragm Ultrasound -- 12.2.1.3 Monitoring of ETT -- 12.2.1.4 Monitoring of TST -- 12.2.2 Weaning from IMV -- 12.2.3 Monitoring of Patient During NIV -- 12.2.3.1 Monitoring of Clinical Parameters During NIV -- 12.2.3.2 Monitoring of Special Laboratory Indices during NIV -- 12.2.3.3 Monitoring of Lung Functions ; and Ventilator Parameters During NIV -- 12.2.4 Optimizing Ventilator Settings During NIV -- 12.2.5 Weaning from NIV -- 12.3 Conclusion -- References.