Fundamentals of pediatric neuroanesthesia / / Girija Prasad Rath

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910502980703321
• Autore: Rath Girija Prasad
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Singapore : , : Springer, , [2021]; ©2021
• ISBN: 981-16-3376-2
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (710 pages)
• Disciplina: 617.96083
• Soggetti: Pediatric anesthesia; Anestèsia en pediatria; Llibres electrònics
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Editor -- Part I: General Considerations -- 1: Pediatric Neuroanesthesia: Evolution of a New Subspeciality -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Development of Neuroanesthesia Along with Neurosurgery -- 1.3 Development of Pediatric Neurosurgery as a Subspecialty -- 1.3.1 Neurosurgery: An Indian Perspective -- 1.4 Pediatric Neuroanesthesia: Not Just "Anesthesia" or "Neuroanesthesia" -- 1.5 Future Prospects as a Subspeciality -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- 2: Developmental Anatomy and Physiology of the Central Nervous System in Children -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Development of the Central and Autonomic Nervous Systems -- 2.2.1 Intrauterine Development -- 2.2.2 Development of the Brain -- 2.2.3 Development of the Spinal Cord -- 2.2.4 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) -- 2.2.5 Neuronal and Cellular Proliferation -- 2.2.6 Myelination -- 2.3 Relevant Anatomy -- 2.3.1 Head Size, Suture, and Fontanelle -- 2.4 Cerebral Vascular Anatomy -- 2.4.1 Arterial Circulation -- 2.4.2 Venous Drainage -- 2.5 Cerebral Physiology -- 2.5.1 Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) -- 2.5.1.1 Factors Affecting Cerebral Blood Flow -- Cerebrovascular Reactivity to Carbon Dioxide in Children -- 2.5.2 Cerebral Metabolic Rate (CMR) -- 2.5.3 Cerebral Autoregulation (CA) -- 2.5.3.1 Cerebral Autoregulation (CA) in Neonates -- 2.5.3.2 ; Cerebral Autoregulation (CA) in Small Children -- 2.5.4 Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) Dynamics -- 2.5.5 Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) -- 2.5.6 Intracranial Pressure (ICP) -- 2.5.7 Cerebral Compliance (Intracranial Pressure-Volume Relationship) -- 2.5.7.1 Intracranial Compliance -- 2.6 Spinal Cord Anatomy and Physiology -- 2.6.1 Spinal Cord Vascular Anatomy -- 2.7 Neurotoxicity in the Immature Human Brain -- 2.8 Epileptogenesis in the Developing Brain.; 2.9 Neuroprotection -- 2.9.1 General Measures -- 2.9.2 Anesthetic Agents -- 2.9.3 Temperature Control: Therapeutic Hypothermia -- 2.9.4 Hypoxic-Ischemic Preconditioning -- 2.9.5 Remote Ischemic Preconditioning -- 2.9.6 Erythropoietin (EPO) -- 2.9.7 Progesterone -- 2.9.8 Neurotrophic Factors -- 2.9.9 Stem Cell Treatment -- 2.10 Cerebral Physiology in Pathological States -- 2.11 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Effect of Sedatives and Anesthetics on Cerebral Physiology in Children -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Effect of Specific Anesthetic Agents -- 3.2.1 Inhaled Anesthetics -- 3.2.1.1 Nitrous Oxide -- 3.2.1.2 Halothane -- 3.2.1.3 Isoflurane -- 3.2.1.4 Sevoflurane -- 3.2.1.5 Desflurane -- 3.2.1.6 Xenon -- 3.2.2 Intravenous Anesthetics -- 3.2.2.1 Propofol -- 3.2.2.2 Thiopentone -- 3.2.2.3 Etomidate -- 3.2.2.4 Ketamine -- 3.2.3 Other Agents -- 3.2.3.1 Opioids -- 3.2.3.2 Benzodiazepines -- 3.2.3.3 Muscle Relaxants -- 3.2.3.4 Dexmedetomidine -- 3.3 Anesthetic Neuroprotection in Children -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- 4: Preoperative Evaluation and Preparation of Children Undergoing Neurosurgery -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 History Taking in a Child Posted for Neurosurgery -- 4.3 Physical Examination -- 4.3.1 General Examination -- 4.4 Neurologic Examination -- 4.5 Airway Assessment -- 4.6 Cardiovascular Examination -- 4.7 Respiratory Examination -- 4.8 Other Systemic Examinations -- 4.9 Preoperative Investigations -- 4.10 Risk Stratification -- 4.11 Other Considerations -- 4.11.1 The Child with Physical or Mental Handicap -- 4.11.2 Drug Abusing Child and Adolescent -- 4.12 Preoperative Preparation -- 4.12.1 Preoperative Visit -- 4.12.2 Informed Consent -- 4.12.3 Fasting Guidelines -- 4.12.4 Premedication and Review of Current Medications -- 4.13 Conclusion -- References.; 5: Airway Equipment and Difficult Airway Management During Pediatric Neurosurgery -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Infant Versus Adult Airway -- 5.3 Predicting Difficult Airway in Children -- 5.4 Planning and Investigations -- 5.5 Conducting the Anesthetic -- 5.6 Equipment for Airway Management in Children -- 5.6.1 Pediatric Masks -- 5.6.2 Pediatric Laryngoscopes -- 5.6.3 Airway Adjuncts -- 5.6.4 Tracheal Tube Exchangers -- 5.6.5 Cuffed Endotracheal Tubes in Pediatric Patients -- 5.6.6 Reinforced Endotracheal Tubes in Pediatric Patients -- 5.6.7 Frova Intubating Introducer -- 5.6.8 Laryngeal Mask Airways (LMAs) and Other Supraglottic Airway Devices (SADs) -- 5.6.9 Video Laryngoscope -- 5.6.10 Fiberoptic Bronchoscope -- 5.6.11 Pediatric Anesthetic Circuit During Neurosurgery -- 5.7 Pediatric Neurosurgical Patients with Difficult Airway -- 5.7.1 Rapid Sequence Induction -- 5.7.2 Difficulty Securing the Airway -- 5.7.3 Difficulty in Maintaining the Airway -- 5.7.4 Difficult Extubation -- 5.8 The Pediatric Emergency Difficult Airway Cart -- 5.9 Escape Route for Cannot Intubate, Cannot Oxygenate (CICO) Scenarios -- 5.10 Pediatric Tracheostomy -- 5.11 Conclusion -- References -- 6: Anesthetizing Pediatric Neurosurgical Patients: A Practical Approach -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Preoperative Preparation -- 6.2.1 Preoperative Checks -- 6.2.1.1 Preoperative Assessment -- 6.2.1.2 Fasting and Consent -- 6.2.1.3 Radiology and Labs -- 6.2.1.4 Checklist -- 6.2.1.5 Anxiolysis on Day of Surgery -- 6.2.2 Operating Room ; Preparation -- 6.3 Intraoperative Management -- 6.3.1 Vascular Access -- 6.3.2 Induction of Anesthesia -- 6.3.3 Intubation (Airway Management) -- 6.3.4 Maintenance of Anesthesia -- 6.3.5 Monitoring -- 6.3.5.1 Hemodynamic Monitoring -- 6.3.5.2 Neurophysiologic Monitoring -- 6.3.6 Positioning.; 6.3.7 Fluid and Blood Component Therapy -- 6.3.8 Glucose Homeostasis -- 6.3.9 Temperature Regulation -- 6.3.10 Intraoperative Complications -- 6.3.11 Emergence -- 6.4 Postoperative Care -- 6.4.1 PACU Considerations -- 6.4.1.1 Organization of PACU -- 6.4.1.2 Transport and Handover -- 6.4.2 Specific Entities in PACU -- 6.4.2.1 Emergence Delirium -- 6.4.2.2 Pain Management -- Opioids -- Non-opioids -- 6.4.2.3 Adverse Respiratory Events and Mechanical Ventilation -- 6.4.2.4 ICP Monitoring and Management -- 6.4.2.5 Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- 7: Positioning Children During Neurosurgery -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Historical Aspects -- 7.3 General Principles Common to all Pediatric Positions -- 7.3.1 Transport and Handling -- 7.3.2 Equipment -- 7.3.2.1 The Surgical Table -- 7.3.2.2 Accessories -- 7.3.2.3 Head Immobilization Devices -- 7.3.3 Protective Padding -- 7.3.4 Physiology of Patient Positioning -- 7.3.4.1 Respiratory Physiology -- 7.3.4.2 Circulation -- 7.3.4.3 Temperature Regulation -- 7.3.5 Head Position -- 7.3.6 Repositioning During Anesthesia -- 7.4 Basic Positions in Neurosurgery -- 7.4.1 Supine Position -- 7.4.2 Lateral Position -- 7.4.3 Park Bench Position -- 7.4.4 Prone Position -- 7.4.5 Head-Elevated Prone or Concorde Position -- 7.4.6 Sea Lion Prone or Sphinx Position -- 7.4.7 Sitting Position -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8: Monitoring Children Undergoing Neurosurgery -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Basic Monitoring -- 8.3 Special Monitoring -- 8.4 Monitoring the Nervous System -- 8.4.1 Monitoring Intracranial Pressure and Cerebral Blood Flow -- 8.4.1.1 Intracranial Pressure (ICP) -- Direct Methods -- Indirect Methods -- 8.4.2 Monitoring Metabolism and Oxygenation -- 8.4.2.1 Near-Infrared Spectroscopy -- 8.4.2.2 Brain Tissue Oxygen (PbtO2) Monitoring.; 8.4.2.3 Jugular Venous Oximetry -- 8.4.2.4 Cerebral Microdialysis -- 8.4.3 Transcranial Doppler (TCD) Ultrasonography -- 8.4.4 Monitoring of Function -- 8.4.4.1 Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SSEPs) -- 8.4.4.2 Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) -- 8.4.4.3 Electromyography (EMG) -- 8.4.4.4 Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs) -- 8.4.4.5 Brainstem Auditory Evoked Responses (BAERs) -- 8.4.4.6 Electroencephalography -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9: Perioperative Thermoregulation in Children and Temperature Monitoring -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Physiology of Thermoregulation -- 9.2.1 Thermoregulation in Newborn -- 9.3 Effects of Anesthesia on Thermoregulation -- 9.4 Perioperative Hypothermia -- 9.4.1 Adverse Effects of Hypothermia -- 9.5 Perioperative Thermal Manipulations -- 9.6 Temperature Monitoring -- 9.7 Perioperative Hyperthermia -- 9.8 Malignant Hyperthermia in Children -- 9.9 Targeted Temperature Management in Pediatric Neurointensive Care -- 9.10 Conclusion -- References -- 10: Fluid and Electrolytes Management in Children Undergoing Neurosurgery -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 General Considerations -- 10.3 Choice of Fluid During Pediatric Neurosurgery -- 10.3.1 Fluid Considerations Before Surgery -- 10.3.2 Assessment and Correction of Fluid Deficit -- 10.3.3 Maintenance Fluid Requirements -- 10.3.4 Management of Other Losses During Surgery -- 10.3.5 Postoperative Fluid Management and Monitoring of Fluid Therapy -- 10.4 General Principles for Electrolytes Management -- 10.5 Sodium Disturbances -- 10.5.1 Hyponatremia -- 10.5.2 Hypernatremia -- 10.5.3 Diabetes ; Insipidus (DI) -- 10.5.4 Hyperkalemia -- 10.5.5 Hypokalemia -- 10.5.6 Hypocalcemia -- 10.5.7 Hypercalcemia -- 10.5.8 Hypophosphatemia -- 10.5.9 Hyperphosphatemia -- 10.5.10 Hypomagnesemia -- 10.5.11 Hypermagnesemia -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References.; 11: Blood Loss and Transfusion in Children Undergoing Neurosurgery.

Propagators in quantum chemistry

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910831075003321
• Autore: Linderberg Jan
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: [Place of publication not identified], : John Wiley & Sons, 2004
• ISBN: 1-280-55696-X; 9786610556960; 0-471-72153-0; 0-471-72154-9
• Edizione: [2nd ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (1 v.) : ill
• Disciplina: 541/.28
• Soggetti: Quantum chemistry; Many-body problem; Physical & Theoretical Chemistry; Chemistry; Physical Sciences & Mathematics
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Differential equations -- Propagators and second quantization -- The Huckel model -- Electron field operators -- Angular momentum -- Double-time Green's functions -- The electron propagator -- Electrons in a central potential -- Electron propagator -- The WKB propagator -- The atomic central field problem -- Electron propagator -- Hartree-Fock equations -- Complex spectra -- Single subshell approximation -- Approximate atomic transition amplitudes -- The hydrogen atom -- The carbon and nitrogen atoms -- The excitation propagator -- Antisymmetrized geminal power -- Interaction of radiation and matter -- A charged particle in an electromagnetic field -- Quantization of ; the radiation field -- Absorption spectroscopy -- RPA transition moments -- Optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism -- Temperature-Dependent theory -- Molecules in magnetic fields -- Nuclear spins -- Magnetic susceptibility -- NMR-Spectra -- Indirect nuclear Spin-Spin coupling constants -- Magnetic properties of molecules -- Diamagnetic molecules -- Units and magnitude of magnetic susceptibilities -- Paramagnetic molecules -- NMR spectra and shielding -- NMR spectra and Spin-Spin coupling -- The Origin Problem -- The Gauge Problem -- Calculation of magnetic properties -- An elementary example of NMR spectra -- Paramagnetic molecules -- Electron propagator in higher orders -- Renormalization of the electron propagator -- The 2p-h TDA and the diagonal 2p-h TDA self-energy -- Partitioning and inner projections -- Method of solution.
• Sommario/riassunto: The only authoritative reference source on the propagator concept, now thoroughly revised and updated Much has changed in the study of quantum and theoretical chemistry since the publication of the first edition of Propagators in Quantum Chemistry. Advances in computer power and software packages now make it possible to calculate molecular structure, properties, spectra, and reactivity with greater predictive power. Chemical processes, especially under conditions not readily available in the laboratory, can also be much more easily studied via theory and computations. In this environment, the concept of propagators (or Green's functions) is emerging as an increasingly useful tool in the study of atomic and molecular processes. Propagators in Quantum Chemistry, Second Edition presents the theory and basic approximations of propagators in a unified manner as it provides: * A thorough introduction to propagators, and how they can be used to study atomic and molecular properties and spectra * Updated examples and technical details of the use of the propagator concept in various common approximate treatments * Problems that provide the opportunity to work out further details and applications of the theory Propagators, which are still gaining acceptance as tools in theoretical chemistry, have a long-demonstrated power and success in a number of areas including condensed matter physics. Propagators in Quantum Chemistry clearly describes the unprecedented utility and value of propagators, and explores how and why they are becoming increasingly important to scientists and researchers across the scientific spectrum.