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Record Nr. |
UNINA9910495183003321 |
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Autore |
Hua Tengda |
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Titolo |
Merchants, market, and monarchy : economic thought and history in early modern China / / Tengda Hua |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Cham, Switzerland : , : Palgrave Macmillan, , [2021] |
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©2021 |
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ISBN |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (309 pages) |
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Collana |
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Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Thought Series |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Merchants - China - History - To 1500 |
Merchants - China - History - 16th century |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Intro -- Foreword -- I. -- II. -- III. -- IV. -- V. -- References -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Author -- List of Figures -- Major Chronological Period -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Merchants in Early Modern China -- 1.1.1 Merchants: Status and Role -- 1.1.2 Market: Domestic and Foreign -- 1.1.3 Monarchy: Early Modern China -- 1.2 Methodology -- 1.2.1 Hermeneutical Approach: Combining Thought with History -- 1.2.2 Contextualisation: Major Schools of Economic Thought in Early Modern China -- 1.2.3 Comparison and Reconstruction: Attempt on Chinese Economic Thought -- 1.3 Structure of the Book -- References -- 2 Institution: Designed System Faced by Ming Merchants -- 2.1 System Origin: Continuation and Change -- 2.1.1 Cultural Framework: Confucianism, Kinship, and Prefecture-County System -- 2.1.2 Institutional Arrangement: The Imperial Examination and Merchant Class -- 2.1.3 Fiscal Policy Design: State Monopoly -- 2.1.4 Public Goods: Roads and Posthouse -- 2.1.5 Market Control: Intention and Real Effect -- 2.2 Economic Thought Origin: Pro-Agriculture and Egalitarianism -- 2.2.1 Why Was Agriculture Emphasised in Ancient China? -- 2.2.2 A Firm Stance on Commerce -- 2.2.3 Thoughts on Egalitarianism -- References -- 3 Monopoly: Merchants and Monarchy -- 3.1 Against State-Run Commerce -- 3.1.1 Supply and Demand: Qiu Jun and His Complex Attitudes Towards Monopoly -- 3.1.2 Jiangyou School: Zhang |
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Juzheng and His Economic Views -- 3.1.3 Thoughts of Traditional Confucians: Yu Shenxing and Gu Yanwu -- 3.2 Supporting State Monopoly -- 3.2.1 Lin Xiyuan: Dredging the Source from Merchants -- 3.2.2 Li Zhi: Following Sang Hongyang -- 3.2.3 Wang Fuzhi: The Role of Wealthy Merchants -- 3.2.4 Li Wen: Comments on Previous Financial Governors -- 3.3 State-Merchant Cooperation in the Salt Business. |
3.3.1 The Kaizhong Method and the Role of Merchants -- 3.3.2 Rent-Seeking: The Participation of Officials and the Private Salt Sale -- 3.3.3 Ye Qi: Salt Merchants' Representative -- 3.3.4 Han Wen: Maintaining the State-Run System -- 3.3.5 Li Wen: Design of Salt System Reform -- 3.3.6 Pang Shangpeng and Yuan Shizhen: States' Interest First -- 3.3.7 Other Scholars: Guiding Merchants -- 3.4 Short Summary -- References -- 4 Taxation: Levy on Merchants -- 4.1 Early Ming: Crackdown on Tax Evasion -- 4.1.1 Emperor Hongwu: Hostility Towards Wealthy Merchants -- 4.1.2 The Severe Punishment: Measures to Prevent Tax Evasion -- 4.2 Mid-Ming: The Objections to Fixed-Quota Commercial Taxes -- 4.2.1 Taxing Merchants: Reducing the Burden of Peasants -- 4.2.2 The Objections to Fixed-Quota Commercial Taxes -- 4.2.3 Increasingly Rampant Tax Evasion -- 4.3 Late Ming: Further Reduction of Commercial Tax -- 4.3.1 Critiques of Additional Commercial Taxes: State Interest -- 4.3.2 Donglin School: Personal Interest in Commercial Tax Reduction -- 4.3.3 Lü Kun: Blaming Imperial Shops -- 4.3.4 Wang Fuzhi: Duty Borne by Merchants Only -- References -- 5 International Trade: Merchants' Predicament and Opportunities -- 5.1 The Origin of Thoughts on Foreign Trade Before Ming -- 5.2 Trade Barriers: Supporting the Sea Ban -- 5.2.1 Ancestral Law Must Not Be Violated -- 5.2.2 Comparative Disadvantage: Little Supplement to State Revenue -- 5.2.3 Overseas Trade: Culprit of Pirate Harassment -- 5.2.4 Continentalist Orientation -- 5.3 Free Trade: Against the Sea Ban -- 5.3.1 The State and the Commoners: Sharing the Same Interests -- 5.3.2 Qiu Jun and He Qiaoyuan: First Attempts to Abolish Sea Ban -- 5.3.3 Pirates Became Merchants Once Trading Was Allowed -- 5.3.4 The Thoughts of Xu Guangqi -- 5.4 Limited Outlook on Foreign Trade: State Defender. |
5.5 The Maritime Merchants' Role and Status in Ming China -- 5.5.1 Merchants in Early Ming Foreign Trade: 1368-1500 -- 5.5.2 Merchants in Mid-Ming Foreign Trade: 1500-1567 -- 5.5.3 Merchants in Late Ming Foreign Trade: 1567-1644 -- References -- 6 Consumption: Two Pairs of Thought Involving Merchants -- 6.1 The Debates Over Righteousness and Profits -- 6.1.1 Qiu Jun and Thought Before His Age -- 6.1.2 Wang and His Yangming School -- 6.1.3 Combining Righteousness and Profit: Han, Li, and Gu -- 6.1.4 Human Nature and Profit-Seeking: Huang Zongxi and Gu Yanwu -- 6.1.5 Extension: Thoughts on Usury in Ming China -- 6.2 The Views on Thrift and Luxury -- 6.2.1 Equal Emphasis on Thrift and Luxury -- 6.2.2 The Thoughts Pro Luxury -- 6.2.3 The Thoughts Against Luxury -- 6.2.4 Fancy Dress: Merchants in the Apparel Regulations -- 6.2.5 Books and Arts: Merchants and Bibliophiles -- References -- 7 Ranking: Scholars, Merchants, Craftsmen, and Peasants -- 7.1 Merchants Relative to Scholars -- 7.1.1 New Theory of Four Occupational Groups: Cliché or Coinage -- 7.1.2 Yangming School and Donglin School: Overturning Illusion -- 7.1.3 The Prerequisite for the Recognition of Merchants -- 7.2 Merchants Relative to Peasants -- 7.2.1 Deep-Rooted Pro-Agriculture Predisposition -- 7.2.2 Equalizing Agriculture and Commerce -- 7.2.3 Talented Merchants, Dumb Farmers -- 7.2.4 Shifted Views on Wealth: Dampening the Peasant Class -- 7.3 Merchants Relative to Artisans -- 7.3.1 Admiration and Sorrow |
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for the Craftsmen -- 7.3.2 Scholars' Contempt and Disdain of Artisans -- 7.3.3 Merchants and Craftsmen: Fellow Sufferers -- 7.4 Short Summary -- References -- 8 Conclusion -- 8.1 Merchants in Early Modern China: Evidence from Economic Thought and History -- 8.2 Final Remarks: Ming Merchants and 'The Great Divergence' -- References -- Bibliography -- Index. |
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