Energy management and energy efficiency in industry : practical examples / / Durmuş Kaya, Fatma Çanka Kiliç, Hasan Hüseyin Öztürk

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910485605503321
• Autore: Kaya Durmuş
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2021]; ©2021
• ISBN: 3-030-25995-1
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (533 pages)
• Collana: Green Energy and Technology
• Disciplina: 658.26
• Soggetti: Industries - Energy conservation; Energy consumption
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Energy -- 1.1 Energy -- 1.2 Types of Energy -- 1.2.1 Mechanical Energy -- 1.2.2 Heat Energy -- 1.2.3 Chemical Energy -- 1.3 Energy Resources -- 1.3.1 Fossil Energy Resources -- 1.3.2 Renewable Energy Resources -- References -- 2 Energy Management -- 2.1 Energy Manager -- 2.2 Energy Management Policy -- 2.2.1 Goals of the Energy Management Policy -- 2.2.2 Characteristics of Energy Management Policy -- 2.3 Energy Management Program -- 2.4 Energy Management Method -- 2.5 Energy Management System -- 2.5.1 ISO 50001 Energy Management System -- References -- 3 Energy Audit -- 3.1 The Aims of Energy Audit -- 3.2 Businesses that Need to Conduct Energy Audits -- 3.3 Energy Audit Levels -- 3.4 Energy Audit Profiles -- 3.5 Steps of Energy Audit -- 3.5.1 The Preliminary Audit -- 3.5.2 The Preliminary Audit Briefing -- 3.5.3 The Detailed Audit -- 3.5.4 Reporting -- 3.6 Energy Audit Measurements -- 3.7 Preparation of an Energy Audit Report -- 3.7.1 Purpose of the Energy Audit -- 3.7.2 The Energy Audit -- 3.7.3 Energy Audit Steps -- 3.7.4 The Method of the Energy Audit -- 3.7.5 Preparation of the Energy Audit -- 3.7.6 The Energy Audit Team -- 3.7.7 Energy Audit Instruments -- 3.7.8 The Energy Audit Report -- 3.8 Energy Audit Examples -- 3.8.1 Steam System -- 3.8.2 The Mass Balance Calculation -- 3.8.3 Steam Quality -- 3.8.4 Calculation of the Blowdown Amount ; in Boilers -- 3.8.5 Feeding Water and Properties -- 3.8.6 Calculation of the Steam Cost -- References -- 4 Energy Efficiency -- 4.1 The Measures for Energy Efficiency -- 4.2 Definitions for Energy Efficiency -- 4.3 Energy Intensity -- 4.3.1 Primary and Final Energy Intensity -- 4.3.2 Average Yearly Rate of Improvement in Primary Energy Intensity (As in %) -- 4.3.3 Industry Energy Intensity.; 4.3.4 Services Energy Intensity -- 4.3.5 Agriculture Energy Intensity -- 4.3.6 Passenger Transport Energy Intensity -- 4.3.7 Freight Transport Energy Intensity -- 4.3.8 Residential Energy Intensity -- 4.3.9 Energy Intensity of the Countries -- 4.4 Energy Use and Energy Efficiency in the World Countries -- 4.4.1 Overall Assessment -- 4.4.2 Energy Efficiency -- References -- 5 Energy Performance Certificate -- 5.1 Energy Performance Assessment -- 5.2 Content of the Energy Identity Certificate -- 5.3 Preparation of the Energy Identity Certificate -- 5.4 Use of the Energy Identity Certificate -- 5.5 Energy Label -- References -- 6 Energy Efficiency Services Sector -- 6.1 Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) -- 6.1.1 Energy Efficiency Services -- 6.1.2 Energy Efficiency Service Models -- 6.2 The Required Qualifications for the Measurements in ESCOs -- References -- 7 Measurement Techniques and Instruments -- 7.1 Measurement Techniques -- 7.2 The Quantities to Be Measured -- 7.3 Measurement Methods -- 7.3.1 Direct Measurement -- 7.3.2 Indirect Measurement -- 7.3.3 Absolute Measurement -- 7.3.4 Comparative Measurement -- 7.4 The Properties of the Measurement Systems -- 7.4.1 Error -- 7.4.2 Accuracy -- 7.4.3 Precision -- 7.4.4 Repeatability -- 7.4.5 Measurement Uncertainty -- 7.4.6 Calibration -- 7.5 Measurement Instruments -- 7.5.1 Electrical Measuring Instruments -- 7.5.2 Force Measurement -- 7.5.3 Pressure Measurement -- 7.5.4 Flow Rate Measurement -- 7.5.5 Velocity Measurement -- 7.5.6 Temperature Measurement -- 7.5.7 Radiation Measurement -- 7.5.8 Analysis of Flue Gases -- References -- 8 Fuels and Combustion -- 8.1 Types of Fuel -- 8.1.1 Fossil Fuels -- 8.1.2 Biofuels -- 8.1.3 Heating (Calorific) Value of Fuels -- 8.2 Combustion -- 8.2.1 Combustion Reaction -- 8.2.2 Types of Combustion -- 8.2.3 Incomplete Combustion Losses.; 8.2.4 Calculation of Combustion -- 8.2.5 Flame -- References -- 9 Energy Efficiency in Boilers -- 9.1 Boiler Selection -- 9.2 Determination of Boiler Efficiency -- 9.3 Factors Affecting Boiler Efficiency -- 9.3.1 Incomplete Combustion -- 9.3.2 Air/Fuel Ratio -- 9.3.3 Heat Losses from the Flue Gasses -- 9.3.4 Flue Gas Temperature -- 9.3.5 Heat Losses from the Stack -- 9.3.6 Fuel Type -- 9.3.7 Burner Type -- 9.3.8 Boiler Load -- 9.3.9 Heat Losses from Boiler Surface -- 9.3.10 Heater Surface Cleaning -- 9.4 Flue Gas Analysis -- 9.4.1 Oxygen -- 9.4.2 Carbon Dioxide -- 9.4.3 Carbon Monoxide -- 9.4.4 Sulfur Dioxide -- 9.4.5 Nitrogen Oxides -- 9.4.6 Temperature of the Flue Gas -- 9.4.7 Combustion Efficiency -- 9.5 Case Study on Energy Efficiency in Boilers -- 9.5.1 Steam Boiler Number 1 -- 9.5.2 Steam Boiler Number 2 -- 9.5.3 Heat Energy Saving -- 9.6 An Example of Energy Efficiency in Boiler Fans -- 9.6.1 Fan Fluid Power Calculation -- 9.6.2 Investments and Payback Periods -- 9.6.3 Energy Saving in Fans -- 9.7 Better Operation of Boilers -- 9.7.1 Heat Recovery from Flue Gases -- 9.7.2 Improvement of Liquid Fueled Boiler Efficiency -- 9.7.3 Improvement of Gas-Fired Boiler Efficiencies -- 9.7.4 Improvement of Coal-Fired Boiler Efficiencies -- 9.7.5 Better Operation of Boilers -- References -- 10 Energy Efficiency in Furnaces -- 10.1 Thermal Efficiency in Furnaces and the Factors that Affecting Efficiency -- 10.1.1 Thermal Efficiency in Furnaces -- 10.1.2 Factors Affecting the Efficiency in Furnaces -- 10.2 Combustion in Furnaces -- 10.2.1 Theoretical Principles -- 10.2.2 Energy Equivalence -- 10.3 Energy Saving in Metal Melting Process -- ; 10.4 Case Study for Energy Survey in Furnaces -- 10.4.1 Measurement Methods and Measuring Instruments -- 10.4.2 Evaluation of Measurement and Calculation Results -- 10.4.3 Potential Saving Areas -- References.; 11 Energy Efficiency in Pumps -- 11.1 Types of Pump -- 11.1.1 Centrifugal Pump -- 11.1.2 Axial Pump -- 11.2 Energy Efficiency in Pump Usage -- 11.2.1 Efficiency in Pump Design -- 11.2.2 Efficiency in Pump Use -- 11.3 Case Study on Energy Efficiency of Pumps -- 11.3.1 Introduction to Measured Pumps and Systems -- 11.3.2 Measurement Methods and Measurement Results -- 11.3.3 Mechanical Measurements -- 11.3.4 Loading and Efficiency of Electric Motors -- 11.3.5 Potential Savings and Suggestions -- References -- 12 Energy Efficiency in Electric Motors -- 12.1 Asynchronous Motors -- 12.2 Energy Saving in Electric Motors -- 12.3 Motor Load Characteristics -- 12.3.1 Variable Torque-Speed Characteristics Load -- 12.3.2 Constant Torque-Speed Characteristics Load -- 12.4 Driver Selection for Asynchronous Motor -- 12.5 High-Efficient Motor Use -- 12.5.1 An Example of High-Efficiency Motor Application -- 12.6 Using Frequency Converters in Asynchronous Motors -- 12.6.1 Frequency Converter -- 12.7 Replacement of Low Load Motors -- 12.8 Correction of Power Factor in Electric Motors -- 12.8.1 Reduction of Idle Running Time in Electric Motors -- References -- 13 Energy Efficiency in Compressed Air Systems -- 13.1 Basic Equipment of Compressed Air Systems -- 13.1.1 Compressors -- 13.1.2 Types of Compressors -- 13.1.3 Compressor Control Systems -- 13.2 Low-Pressure Use -- 13.3 Prevention of Air Leaks -- 13.3.1 Detection of Air Leaks -- 13.3.2 Energy Losses Due to Air Leaks -- 13.4 Reduction of Compressor Outlet Pressure -- 13.5 Taking Compressor Suction Air from Outside -- 13.6 Use of Compressor Cooling Air -- 13.7 Compressed Air Flow Control and Energy Economy -- 13.8 Closing of Compressors and Main Valves -- 13.9 Recommendations for the Operation of Compressors -- References -- 14 Energy Efficiency in Fans -- 14.1 Fan Laws.; 14.2 Flow Control Systems and Energy Economics -- 14.2.1 Damper-Controlled Systems -- 14.2.2 Speed-Controlled Systems -- 14.3 Fan Selection -- References -- 15 Energy Saving with Variable Speed Driver Applications -- 15.1 Variable Speed Drive Systems -- 15.1.1 Variable Frequency Drive -- 15.2 Application in Air-Conditioning Rooms -- 15.2.1 Payback Period -- 15.2.2 Motor Driver Use in Twisting Room -- References -- 16 Energy Saving with Heat Insulation -- 16.1 The Aim of Heat (Thermal) Insulation -- 16.2 Benefits of Thermal Insulation -- 16.3 Heat (Thermal) Insulating Materials -- 16.3.1 Glass Wool -- 16.3.2 Rock Wool -- 16.3.3 Expanded Polystyrene Sheet -- 16.3.4 Extruded Polystyrene Sheet -- 16.3.5 Glass Foam -- 16.3.6 Calcium Silicate -- 16.3.7 Melamine Foam -- 16.3.8 PVC Foam -- 16.3.9 Polyethylene Foam -- 16.3.10 Elastomeric Rubber Foam -- 16.3.11 Polyurethane Foam -- 16.3.12 Ceramic Wool -- 16.3.13 Vermiculite -- 16.3.14 Elastomeric Rubber -- 16.3.15 Plastic Pipe and Sheet Insulation Materials -- 16.3.16 Fiber Insulation Materials -- 16.4 Energy Saving by Insulating Hot Surfaces -- References -- 17 Waste Heat Recovery -- 17.1 Heat Exchangers -- 17.1.1 Tubular Heat Exchanger -- 17.1.2 Plate Heat Exchanger -- 17.1.3 Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger -- 17.2 Energy Saving in Air-Conditioning Systems -- 17.3 Heating of Combustion Air -- 17.4 Heat Recovery from Contaminated Fluid -- 17.5 Waste Heat Recovery Application -- 17.5.1 Waste Heat Saving Potential -- References -- 18 Energy Efficiency in Water Heating-Distribution-Pressurizing Systems -- 18.1 Energy Efficiency in Water Heating Systems -- 18.1.1 Potable Water Temperature -- 18.1.2 Energy-Saving Measures -- 18.1.3 Selection of the Boiler -- 18.2 Water ; Distribution Systems -- 18.3 Water Pressurization Systems -- References -- 19 Energy Efficiency in Illumination (Lighting).; 19.1 Energy Saving in Lighting.