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Record Nr. |
UNINA9910484764803321 |
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Titolo |
Imaging in nephrology / / Antonio Granata, Michele Bertolotto, editors |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2021] |
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©2021 |
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ISBN |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (339 pages) |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Kidneys - Ultrasonic imaging |
Nefrologia |
Ultrasons en medicina |
Llibres electrònics |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Intro -- Foreword -- Foreword -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I: General Principles -- 1: Doppler Signal and Doppler Waveform Analysis -- 1.1 Doppler Effect in Ultrasound -- 1.1.1 Doppler Effect -- 1.1.2 Doppler Effect: From Theory to Clinical Applications -- 1.2 Doppler Ultrasound Technology Systems -- 1.2.1 Continuous-Wave Doppler (CW) -- 1.2.2 Pulsed-Wave Doppler (PW) -- 1.2.3 Duplex Scanner -- 1.2.4 Color Doppler (CD) and Power Doppler (PD) Technology -- 1.3 Hemodynamic Principles -- 1.4 Doppler Signal Semeiotics -- 1.4.1 Interpretation of the Spectral Curve -- 1.4.1.1 The Arterial Flow -- 1.4.1.2 The Venous Flow -- 1.4.2 Parameters of the Spectral Curve -- 1.4.2.1 Quantitative Parameters -- 1.4.2.2 Semiquantitative Parameters -- 1.4.3 Alterations of the Spectral Curve -- 1.4.3.1 Effects of Stenosis and Dilatations -- 1.4.3.2 Alterations of Peripheral Blood Stream -- 1.4.3.3 Arterial Wall Elasticity -- References -- 2: Grayscale Ultrasound Artifacts -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Artifacts Related to Structures and Beam Interaction -- 2.2.1 Rear Reinforcement (Enhancement Artifact) -- 2.2.2 Shadowing Artifacts -- 2.2.3 Side Acoustic Shadows -- 2.2.4 Comet-Tail Artifact -- 2.2.5 Ring-Down Artifact -- 2.2.6 Reverberation -- 2.2.7 Rain Effect -- 2.2.8 Mirror Image Artifact -- 2.2.9 Lateral Displacement of the Image |
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Artifact -- 2.2.10 Image Splitting or Refraction Artifact -- 2.2.11 Speed Error Artifact -- 2.2.12 The Partial-Volume Effect (Artifacts Caused by the Layer Thickness) -- 2.2.13 Side-Lobe Artifact -- 2.2.14 The Speckle Artifact -- 2.3 Artifacts Related to Apparatus and to the Beam Properties and Processing -- 2.3.1 Range-Ambiguity Artifact -- 2.3.2 Artifacts from Incorrect Adjustment of Gain -- 2.3.3 Artifacts Produced by the Ultrasound Malfunction. |
2.3.4 Artifacts from Incorrect Image Processing -- 2.3.5 Artifacts Produced by the Adaptive Filtering (Artifacts from Poor Resolution) -- 2.3.6 The Dragging Artifact (Cigar Effect) -- 2.3.7 Hyperbolic Artifacts -- References -- 3: Color Doppler and CEUS Artifacts -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Doppler Imaging Artifacts -- 3.2.1 Aliasing Artifact -- 3.2.2 Twinkling Artifact -- 3.2.3 Edge Artifact -- 3.2.4 Flash Artifact -- 3.2.5 Pseudoflow Artifact (Ureteral Jet Phenomenon Included) -- 3.3 Contrast-Enhanced Doppler Imaging Artifacts -- 3.3.1 (Color) Blooming Artifact -- 3.3.2 Jail-Bar Artifact -- 3.3.3 Systolic Peak Velocity Increase -- 3.3.4 High-Intensity Spikes -- 3.4 Contrast-Enhanced, Grayscale Sonography Artifacts -- 3.4.1 Slice-Thickness Artifact or Partial-Volume Artifact -- 3.4.2 Background Signal and Pseudoenhancement -- 3.4.3 Overenhancement -- 3.4.4 Underenhancement -- References -- 4: AKI and CIN: Real or Hype? -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Limitations of Previous Studies on CIN -- 4.3 Definition of CIN and PC-AKI -- 4.4 Risk Factors -- 4.5 Management of At-Risk Patients -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- 5: NSF: Real or Hype? -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 MR Contrast Agents -- 5.2.1 Chemistry -- 5.2.2 Stability -- 5.2.3 Transmetallation -- 5.2.4 Pharmacokinetics -- 5.3 Adverse Reactions -- 5.3.1 Acute Adverse Reactions -- 5.3.2 Very Late Adverse Reaction -- 5.4 Discussion -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- 6: Gadolinium Retention in Brain and Body: Clinical and Preclinical Evidence -- 6.1 Introduction to Clinical GBCA Use in MRI and Gadolinium Retention in General -- 6.1.1 Clinical Use of Contrast-Enhanced MRI -- 6.1.2 Definitions and Terminologies -- 6.1.3 Safety and Efficacy of GBCAs: The Role of Gadolinium Retention -- 6.2 Gadolinium Retention in the Brain -- 6.2.1 Clinical Studies. |
6.2.2 Preclinical Results on Brain Retention (i.e., Animal Studies) -- 6.3 Gadolinium Retention in Bone -- 6.3.1 Clinical Studies -- 6.3.2 Preclinical Results on Bone Retention (i.e., Animal Studies) -- 6.4 Gadolinium Retention in the Skin -- 6.4.1 Clinical Studies -- 6.4.2 Preclinical Results on Skin Retention (i.e., Animal Studies) -- 6.5 Gadolinium Retention in Splanchnic Organs -- 6.5.1 Clinical Studies -- 6.5.2 Preclinical Results from Splanchnic Organs (i.e., Animal Studies) -- 6.6 Clinical Consequences of Gadolinium Retention -- 6.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part II: Native Kidney -- 7: Acute Kidney Injury: Color Doppler US -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Prerenal AKI -- 7.3 Renal AKI -- 7.4 Postrenal AKI -- References -- 8: Chronic Kidney Disease: Color Doppler US -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Ultrasound Evaluation -- 8.3 Pathological Modifications -- References -- 9: The Diabetic Kidney -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Pathophysiology and Natural History -- 9.3 Ultrasound Imaging -- References -- 10: Renal Vessels -- 10.1 Normal Anatomy -- 10.1.1 Renal Arteries -- 10.1.2 Renal Veins -- 10.2 Ultrasound Examination -- 10.2.1 Technique -- 10.3 Computed Tomography: Technique and Indications -- 10.4 MRI: Technique and Indications -- 10.5 Renal Angiography: Indications and Technique -- 10.6 Renal Artery Stenosis -- 10.6.1 Introduction -- 10.6.2 Renal Artery Stenosis: Ultrasound -- 10.6.3 Direct (Proximal) Criteria -- 10.6.4 Indirect (Distal) Criteria -- 10.7 Prognostic Value of Doppler Measurements -- 10.8 Technological |
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Improvements Over the Years -- 10.9 Follow-Up After Revascularization -- 10.10 Atherosclerotic Stenosis -- 10.10.1 CT -- 10.10.2 MRI -- 10.10.3 Nuclear Medicine -- 10.10.4 Angiography -- 10.11 Fibromuscular Dysplasia -- 10.11.1 Fibromuscular Dysplasia -- 10.11.1.1 CT. |
10.11.1.2 Angiography -- 10.12 Renal Artery Aneurysm -- 10.12.1 Endovascular Embolization of Renal Artery Aneurysm -- 10.13 Arteriovenous Malformations -- 10.14 Renal Artery Dissection -- 10.15 Acute Renal Artery Occlusion: Renal Artery Thrombosis -- 10.16 Vasculitis -- 10.17 Renal Vein Thrombosis -- 10.18 Spontaneous Splenorenal Shunt -- 10.19 Renal Varix -- 10.20 Nutcracker Syndrome -- 10.21 Miscellaneous -- References -- 11: Renal Traumas in Nephrologic Patients -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Clinical Evaluation -- 11.3 Type and Classification of Renal Trauma -- 11.4 Imaging -- 11.5 Second-Level Imaging with Contrast -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- 12: The Elderly Kidney -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Structural Changes -- 12.3 Functional Changes -- 12.4 Ultrasound and Color Doppler Evaluation of Kidney in Elderly -- 12.4.1 Ultrasound -- 12.4.2 Color Doppler -- 12.5 Renal Disorders in the Elderly -- 12.5.1 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) -- 12.5.1.1 US/Color Doppler -- 12.5.2 Occult Renal Insufficiency (ORI) -- 12.5.3 Diabetic Nephropathy -- 12.5.3.1 US/Color Doppler -- 12.5.4 Acute Renal Failure -- 12.5.4.1 US/Color Doppler -- 12.5.5 Vasculitis -- 12.5.5.1 US/Color Doppler -- 12.5.6 Acute Obstructive Uropathy -- 12.5.6.1 US/Color Doppler -- References -- 13: Intraparenchymal Renal Resistive Index: The Basic of Interpretation and Common Misconceptions -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Examination Technique -- 13.3 Renal Resistive Index Main Determinants -- 13.4 Cardiovascular System and Resistive Renal Index -- 13.5 Renal Resistive Index in Acute Kidney Injury -- 13.6 Renal Resistive Index in Chronic Kidney Disease -- 13.7 Renal Resistive Index in Transplanted Kidney -- 13.8 Renal Resistive Index and Splenic Resistive Index -- 13.9 Renal Resistive Index Heritability -- 13.10 Conclusions -- References. |
14: Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Nephrology -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The Chemical Structure of Echo Amplifiers -- 14.3 Tolerance and Side Effects -- 14.4 Clinical Applications of CEUS Imaging in Nephrology -- 14.4.1 Study Methods -- 14.4.2 Normal Kidney -- 14.4.3 Pseudo-Lesions -- 14.4.4 Differential Diagnosis Between Solid Lesions and Cysts -- 14.4.5 Lesions with Dubious Enhancement at CT -- 14.4.6 Traumatic Pathology -- 14.4.7 Phlogistic Pathology -- 14.4.8 Study of Patients Submitted to Ablative Therapies -- 14.4.9 Renal Ischemia -- 14.4.10 Renal Artery Stenosis -- 14.4.11 Vesicoureteral Reflux -- 14.4.12 Transplanted Kidney -- References -- 15: Functional MR Imaging in Native Kidney Dysfunction -- 15.1 Functional MRI Tools -- 15.2 Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) -- 15.2.1 Clinical Applications -- 15.3 Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) -- 15.3.1 Clinical Applications -- 15.4 Diffusion-Weighted MRI (DW-MRI) -- 15.4.1 Clinical Applications -- 15.5 Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) -- 15.5.1 Clinical Applications -- 15.6 Limitations and Future Directions -- References -- Part III: Transplanted Kidney -- 16: Transplanted Kidney -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Methods for the Study of Renal Transplant -- 16.2.1 Computed Tomography -- 16.2.2 MR Imaging -- 16.2.3 Nuclear Medicine -- 16.3 Ultrasound Evaluation of Normal Renal Transplant -- 16.4 Parenchymal Complications -- 16.4.1 Immediate Graft Parenchymal Complications -- 16.4.1.1 Hyper-Acute Rejection -- 16.4.1.2 Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) -- 16.4.2 Early Graft |
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Parenchymal Complications -- 16.4.2.1 Acute Rejection -- 16.4.2.2 Drug Toxicity -- 16.4.2.3 Acute Graft Pyelonephritis (AGPN) -- 16.4.2.4 Viral Infections: BK and Cytomegalovirus Nephropathy -- 16.4.3 Late Graft Parenchymal Complications. |
16.4.3.1 Recurrent Primary Disease and "De Novo" Renal Disease. |
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