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1. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910484033503321 |
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Autore |
Stanev Todor |
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Titolo |
High energy cosmic rays / / Todor Stanev |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2021] |
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©2021 |
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ISBN |
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Edizione |
[Third edition.] |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (xvi, 342 pages) : illustrations |
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Collana |
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Astrophysics and space science library, , 2214-7985 ; ; volume 462 |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Nota di bibliografia |
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Includes bibliographical references and index. |
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Nota di contenuto |
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1. Overview -- Part I: The Standard Model of Cosmic Rays -- 2. Cosmic Ray Interactions -- 3. The Birth of Cosmic Rays. 4. Cosmic Rays in the Galaxy -- 5. Cosmic Rays at the Top of the Atmosphere -- 6. Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere -- 7. Cosmic Rays Underground. Part II: Contemporary Challenges -- 8. Cosmic Ray Showers -- 9. The End of the Cosmic Ray Spectrum -- 10. High Energy Neutrino and Gamma-Ray Astronomy. |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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This book on high-energy cosmic rays deals in its first part with the standard model of cosmic rays, describing how they are born in a wide range of cosmic processes, how they are accelerated and how they interact with matter, magnetic fields and radiation during their journey across the Galaxy. In its second part the book presents contemporary challenges in very high energy cosmic rays, with focus on their detection in the Earth’s atmosphere and underground, as well as new developments in gamma-ray and neutrino astronomy. A decade after the publication of the second edition of this book, there are many new experimental results in the fields of high energy neutrino astronomy and in the whole energy range of detection of gamma-rays. There have also been many attempts for studies for multi-messenger events in these and all other fields. These new experimental efforts and their results are covered in this third edition. This is accompanied by a general analysis of these new results and the additional knowledge that they bring to our understanding of cosmic rays and their propagation |
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in our Galaxy and extragalactic space. A large part of the interpretation of these new findings is related to the development of the hadronic interaction models that we use to understand and describe the experimental results. The author describes the relation between the new high energy physics experiments and such models. In addition to the discussion of new research, descriptions and graphs of the previous edition have been updated where appropriate. The third edition ends with a discussion of some possible and already planned experiments for future observations and an explanation of their importance for the better understanding of all processes that lead to the increase of our knowledge of high energy cosmic rays. Students and lecturers of advanced undergraduate courses on cosmic rays and astroparticle physics as well as post-graduates and researchers will continue to find this book a valuable source of learning and reference. |
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2. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910794046003321 |
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Autore |
Loibl Elvira |
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Titolo |
The Transnational Illegal Adoption Market : A Criminological Study of the German and Dutch Intercountry Adoption Systems / / Elvira Loibl |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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The Hague, The Netherlands : , : Eleven International Publishing, , [2019] |
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©2019 |
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ISBN |
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Edizione |
[First edition.] |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (513 pages) |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Child trafficking - Law and legislation |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Nota di bibliografia |
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Includes bibliographical references. |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Intro -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- I Introduction -- 1 Central Focus and Scope -- 2 Methodological Framework -- 2.1 Interdisciplinary Approach -- 2.2 Comparative Approach -- 2.3 Case Study Approach -- 2.4 Data Sources and Analysis -- 2.4.1 Legal sources -- 2.4.2 Policy, academic and media sources -- 2.4.3 Semi-structured interviews -- 2.4.4 Adopters' |
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autobiographic stories -- 2.5 Ethical Considerations -- 3 Structure of the Book -- 4 Terminology -- II Child Trafficking for Adoption Purposes - A Criminological Analysis of the Illegal Adoption Market -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Structural Components of the Transnational Illegal Adoption Market -- 2.1 The Basic Logic of Routine Activity Theory -- 2.2 Demand Component -- 2.2.1 From a humanitarian deed to a remedy for involuntary childlessness -- 2.2.2 The role of adoption agencies -- 2.3 Supply Component -- 2.3.1 Source countries -- 2.3.2 Illegal practices to secure adoptable children -- 2.4 Social Control Component -- 2.4.1 Child laundering - connecting demand and illegal supply -- 2.4.2 Adoption agencies' representatives and cooperation partners in the sending countries -- 2.5 Criminogenic Asymmetries between Demand and Source Countries -- 2.6 Displacements Effects of Supply Reduction and 'Cycles of Abuse' -- 3 The International Legal Framework on Child Trafficking -- 4 The Prism of Child Trafficking for Adoption Purposes -- 4.1 The Crime Prism -- 4.2 The Prismatic Analysis of Child Trafficking for Adoption Purposes -- 4.2.1 Individual and social harm -- 4.2.2 Invisibility -- 4.2.3 Extent of victimization -- 4.2.4 Lack of public agreement on seriousness -- 4.2.5 Low probability of severe social response -- 5 Conclusion and Discussion -- III The Rights of the Child and the 'Best Interests' Principle in Intercountry Adoption -- 1 Introduction. |
2 Positions on the Legitimacy of Intercountry Adoption -- 2.1 Abolitionists -- 2.2 Promoters -- 2.3 Regulationists -- 3 Background and Development of the UNCRC -- 4 Family and the Rights of the Child -- 4.1 The Definition of the Family -- 4.2 The Child's Right to be Cared for by His or Her Parents -- 4.3 The Primacy of the Child's Family and Parents -- 4.4 The State's Responsibility to Support the Child's Family and Parents -- 4.5 The Child's Right to Privacy and Family Life -- 4.6 Separation of the Child from His or Her Parents -- 4.7 The Child's Right to know His or Her Origin and Identity -- 5 Children Deprived of Their Family Environment -- 5.1 Alternative Child Care Solutions -- 5.2 Adoption -- 5.3 The Myth of a Global 'Orphan Crisis' -- 6 The Best Interests of the Child -- 6.1 Meaning and Historical Background of the Concept -- 6.2 Analysis of Article 3(1) UNCRC -- 6.3 The Child's Best Interests in Adoption Arrangements -- 6.4 The Vague Concept of 'The Child's Best Interests' -ACriminogenic Factor in the Intercountry Adoption System? -- 7 Conclusion and Discussion -- IV The 1993 Hague Convention -ATrojan Horse in the Intercountry Adoption System? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background and Development of the Hague Convention -- 3 Provisions of the Hague Convention -- 3.1 Preamble -- 3.2 Scope of Application -- 3.3 Requirements of Intercountry Adoptions, Distribution of Responsibility -- 3.4 Central Authorities and Accredited Bodies -- 3.5 Procedural Requirements of Intercountry Adoptions -- 3.6 Recognition and Effects of Intercountry Adoptions -- 3.7 General Provisions and Final Clauses -- 4 The Standards and Principles of the Hague Convention -- 4.1 The Best Interests of the Child -- 4.2 The Subsidiarity Principle -- 4.3 Competent Authorities Principle -- 4.4 Principle of Preventing Improper (Financial) Gain. |
4.2 Standards for the Consent to Adoption -- 4.6 Principle of Co-operation and Co-responsibility -- 5 Limitations and Pitfalls of the Hague Convention -- 5.1 Private Adoptions -- 5.1.1 Private adoptions and illegal practices -- 5.1.2 The Hague Convention's compromise in Article 22(2) -- 5.1.3 The no contact rule in Article 29 -- 5.1.4 The Hague Convention's regulation on private adoptions - a limitation? -- 5.2 Much Latitude for the Contracting States -- 5.3 Poor Implementation and Lacking Monitoring and Enforcing Mechanisms -- |
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5.4 Trust in the Sending Countries and Appearance of Legitimacy -- 6 Conclusion -- V The German Intercountry Adoption System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History, Development and Current Trends -- 3 The German Legal Framework of Intercountry Adoption -- 3.1 Stakeholders in the German Adoption System -- 3.2 International Adoption Placement Procedure -- 3.3 Judicial Adoption Procedure -- 3.4 Adoption Recognition and Conversion Procedure -- 3.5 The Child's Entry into Germany -- 4 Tolerance towards Private Adoptions -- 4.1 International Adoptions in Germany - Often a 'Private Affair' -- 4.2 Adopters' Motivation to Pursue a Do-It-Yourself Adoption -- 4.3 No Ban, No Negative Consequences -- 5 German Adoption Agencies Caught in a Tension between Integrity and Money -- 5.1 Accreditation and Authorization Requirements -- 5.2 Financial Strain -- 5.3 Competition among Helpers -- 6 Cooperation with the Sending Countries - A Matter of Trust -- 6.1 Foreign Partners, the Cogs in the Adoption System -- 6.2 Adoption Costs - Don't Ask, Don't Tell -- 6.3 Incentive Fees and Donations -- 6.4 Supervision of Representatives and Cooperation Partners -- 7 The Ethiopian Child Trafficking Incidents -- 7.1 Systemic Abuses in the Ethiopian Adoption System -- 7.2 The German Agency's Ideological and Financial Motivation to Place Children from Ethiopia. |
7.3 Hear No Evil, See No Evil - Techniques of Rationalization -- 8 The Role of the German Authorities in the Adoption System -- 8.1 Accrediting, Authorizing and Controlling German Adoption Agencies -- 8.2 Reviewing Individual Adoptions (Control on Micro Level) -- 8.3 Authorizing, Monitoring and Suspending Adoptions from Sending Countries (Control on Macro Level) -- 8.4 Central Adoption Offices as Adoption Placement Offices -- 9 Criminal Liability of German Actors -- 9.1 Child Trafficking ( 236 StGB) -- 9.1.1 Adopters -- 9.1.2 Staff members of an adoption agency -- 9.2 Other Relevant Criminal Provisions -- 10 Conclusion and Discussion -- VI The Dutch Intercountry Adoption System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History, Developments and Current Trends -- 3 The Dutch Legal Framework of Intercountry Adoption -- 3.1 Stakeholders in the Dutch Adoption System -- 3.2 International Adoption Placement Procedure -- 3.3 Judicial Adoption Procedure -- 3.4 Adoption Recognition and Conversion Procedure -- 3.5 The Child's Entry into the Netherlands -- 4 Independent Adoptions -- 4.1 Partial Do-It-Yourself Adoptions (deelbemiddelingen) -- 4.2 Risks and Limitations of Partial Do-It-Yourself Adoptions -- 4.3 Private (Illegal) Adoptions - Prohibited but Not Properly Sanctioned -- 5 Dutch Adoption Agencies -- 5.1 Accreditation and Authorization Requirements -- 5.2 Financial Strain -- 6 Cooperation with the Sending Countries -- 6.1 Dutch Adoption Agencies' Partners and Their Tasks in the Sending Countries -- 6.2 Adoption Costs, Donations and 'Facilitation Payments' -- 6.3 Supervision of Foreign Representatives and Cooperation Partners -- 7 The Role of the Dutch Authorities in the Adoption System -- 7.1 Accrediting and Controlling Dutch Adoption Agencies -- 7.2 Reviewing and Approving Individual Adoptions (Control on Micro Level). |
7.3 Authorizing, Monitoring and Suspending Adoptions from Sending Countries (Control on Macro Level) -- 7.4 The Dutch Ministry's Deference to China -- 7.4.1 The Chinese child trafficking incidents -- 7.4.2 Trust in the authorities of Hague sending countries -- 7.4.3 Diplomatic and other interests in intercountry adoptions -- 8 Criminal Liability of Dutch Actors -- 8.1 Adopters -- 8.2 Staff Members of an Adoption Agency -- 9 Discussion and Conclusion -- VII Parenthood, Consumption and Narratives of Rescue and Love in Intercountry Adoption -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Tension between Consumption |
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and Parenthood in Intercountry Adoption -- 3 Methodology and Theoretical Background -- 4 The Desire to Achieve Parenthood -- 4.1 Involuntary Childlessness and the Powerful Wish to Have a Child -- 4.2 Saving a Child -- 4.3 Choosing the 'Right' Child -- 4.4 Paying for an Adoption -- 5 Becoming Parents -- 5.1 Finding the 'Meant-To-Be'-Child -- 5.2 Exhibiting Ownership -- 5.3 'Bringing Home My Child' -- 6 Discussion and Conclusion -- VIII Comparative Analysis, General Conclusions, and Recommendations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Transnational Illegal Adoption Market -- 2.1 Demand and Supply -- 2.2 The Laundering Process -- 2.3 Criminogenic Asymmetries -- 2.4 The Dimensions of Child Trafficking for Adoption Purposes -- 3 The Criminogenic Conditions in the German and Dutch Adoption Systems -- 3.1 The Principle of the Child's Best Interests -- 3.2 Private Adoptions in Germany and the Netherlands -- 3.3 Institutional Pressure of German and Dutch Adoption Agencies -- 3.4 The Flow of Money into the Sending Countries -- 3.5 The Monitoring and Control System in Germany and the Netherlands -- 3.6 Trust in the Hague Sending Countries -- 3.7 Adopters' Denying the Role of Money in Intercountry Adoptions -- 4 Recommendations -- 4.1 Banning Intercountry Adoptions?. |
4.2 Intercountry Adoptions carried out by the State?. |
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