4.4 Conclusions -- References -- 5: Microfluidics in Cryopreservation of Animal Gametes and Embryos -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Cryoprotectants -- 5.3 Microfluidic Methods of Cryopreservation -- 5.4 Animal Oocyte, Embryo, and Sperm Cryopreservation -- 5.5 Cryopreservation Protocols -- 5.5.1 Slow Freezing -- 5.5.2 Vitrification -- 5.5.3 Rapid Freezing -- 5.5.4 Thawing -- 5.6 Microfluidic Methods of Oocyte, Embryo, and Sperm Cryopreservation -- 5.7 Hurdles in Cryopreservation -- 5.8 Conclusion -- References -- 6: Sperm Sexing: Methods, Applications, and the Possible Role of Microfluidics -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methods of Sperm Sexing -- 6.3 Applications of the Sperm Sexing -- 6.3.1 Production of Female Animals -- 6.3.2 Production of Male Animals -- 6.3.3 Production of Genetically Superior Animals -- 6.3.4 Farm Management and Reducing the Number of Unproductive Animals -- 6.3.5 Sex Ratio Control of Animals -- 6.3.6 Conservation of Endangered Animals -- 6.4 Clues for Sperm Sexing in Animals and Possible Microfluidics Approaches -- 6.4.1 Characteristic Features of Animal Semen and Sperm Morphometry -- 6.4.2 Size and Shape Differences between and X and Y Chromosome Bearing Spermatozoa -- 6.4.3 Motility and Swimming Patterns in X and Y Chromosome Bearing Spermatozoa -- 6.4.4 DNA Content Difference in the X Chromosome Bearing Sperm and Y Chromosome Spermatozoa -- 6.4.5 Differentially Expressed Proteins or Sperm-Specific Proteins in X and Y Chromosome Bearing Spermatozoa -- 6.4.6 Surface Charge on X and Y Chromosome Bearing Spermatozoa -- 6.4.7 Sex-Specific Response to External Stimulants -- 6.5 Recent Research in Sperm Sexing by Using Microfluidics -- 6.6 Validation Methods of Sperm Sexing -- 6.7 Conclusions -- References. |